Pharmaceutical Formulations And The Treatment Of Human And Animal Disease Conditions

To prevent water pollution, chemicals themselves also have to be regulated more strictly. In Australia, only chemicals on the NICNAS Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS) can be imported or manufactured for industrial use("Chemicals…”).. Moreover, new chemicals have to be tested by four major Commonwealth schemes of registration and assessment ("Chemicals…”). On the other hand, the Environmental Protection Agency (E.P.A) that acts as our chemical regulators has mandated safety testing for only a small percentage of the 85,000 industrial chemicals available for use today (Urbina,

Conduct studies on food, air, water and soil to determine how they are altered when coming into contact with medicines, garden chemicals and industrial chemicals

Pharmaceuticals are defined as prescription, over the counter and veterinary therapeutic drugs used to prevent or treat human and animal diseases, while personal care products (PCPs) are used mainly to improve the quality of daily life [16]. Over the past few years, there has been growing awareness of the unintentional presence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in various compartments of the aquatic environment at concentrations capable of causing detrimental effects to the aquatic organisms. This has become a major concern because PPCPs are extensively and increasingly used in human and veterinary medicine, resulting in their continuous release to the environment.

Contaminated water poses health risks on humans, pets, wild animals, and farm animals. (Mcdermott-Levy 2013)

There is a correlation that the number of marine systems that become exposed to both treated and untreated wastewater discharges increases, as there are concurrent increases in population around coastal areas. The environmental quality of receiving waters may be compromised due to thousands of different chemicals released via sewage inputs. Over the last decade there has been a growing interest on a specific chemical known as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Antimicrobials, fragrances, therapeutic drugs, some polymers, and surfactants are all categorized as PPCPs. In developed countries, most wastewater are treated in order to ensure that the majority of the chemicals, or a very significant portion of the chemicals, are removed

The Great Lakes, though fairly clean, are contaminated with some deadly chemicals that have slipped by human filtration into the lakes. These emerging chemicals have been determined to pose some health risk to humans and surrounding ecosystems and are used by society, but are unregulated or inadequately regulated retardants (Miller-Branovacki, Lindsay, "Water Resources and Urban Waste Water (Week #8)"). More specifically an emerging contaminant is one which is not historically widely distributed, nor a concern, however are now persistent and bioaccumulative making them a concern for the environment. The three major categories for emerging contaminants are; endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), Pharmaceutical and personal care

Often, toxic substances are being drained into the air, waterways, and undergrounds wells. According to the report by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), over 60 million pounds of deadly chemicals are produced by industries in Florida. Notably, Florida’s water has been suffering mercury contamination until the state’s department of migration issues a circular regularly for regulations of eating freshwater fish in the region (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission). In fact, such metals emanate from coal combustion’s emissions which run into water bodies. Not to mention, pesticides and herbicides utilized by government and homeowners pollute the environment (Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission). Indeed, all chemicals released into the atmosphere find themselves in rivers.

Since this is my fist toxicology course, I found it interesting to learn the variety of pathways that toxicants access to enter the human body and aquatic organisms. Even more so, the way our cells respond to the intake of such toxicants. In addition, learning the way aquatic organisms are impacted by toxicants in stream and stream sediments. Furthermore, I can use this knowledge in a career and also for my own curiosity to investigate my surroundings or spread awareness.

Cold remedies are designed to address five basic symptoms: aches and fever, nasal congestion, chest congestion, runny nose, and cough. Although the cause is different, allergies share many of the same symptoms and are therefore often grouped with cold remedies. However, products formulated specifically for allergy relief medicines are available, and it is common in the industry to consider relief from allergy symptoms as a separate consumer need from virus and flu related illnesses. Chronic allergy sufferers tend to have different usage patterns and more concerns about side effects because of the duration of the symptoms.

Environmentalists all over the nation highly discourage flushing prescription drugs down the toilet in fear of contaminating the water supply. Although the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) states on their website that flushing certain medications down the toilet is the best option in fear of children, or young adults getting into the potentially harmful prescription drugs… Environmentalists say otherwise. In fact, the Ohio Environmental Council warns that there are many studies supporting their argument that flushing the medication is harmful to the water supply. Studies state that the amount of prescription drugs being found in waterways is creating issues such as the reproductive health of different fish even completely feminizing male fish.

The study by Mendez et al in 2011 in Spain through UV/TiO2 process for removing fluoxetine indicated that photolysis of fluoxetine is justifiable only at alkaline pH. The UV/TiO2 process results in 50% removal of fluoxetine at initial fluoxetine concentration of 0.11 mM, pH=11, and time of 60 min. This was due to the fact that elevation of pH led to increased absorption of fluoxetine on TiO2 and oxidation of the contaminant by hydroxyl radicals (24), congruent with the results of this research. Elmolla et al studied photocatalytic removal of the antibiotics of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and cloxacillin from aquatic environments in 2010 in Iran. The greatest removal level was obtained at pH=11. They stated that at alkaline pH, more hydroxyl ions become available to the catalyst, thereby producing more hydroxyl radicals, culminating in oxidation of the antibiotic (25), consistent with the results of this

Everyday pesticides are dumped into our environment. Over time most of the pesticides make thier way to a source of water, whether it's groundwater or a body of water. According to Lewis Regenstein author of "America the Poisoned" two thirds of the nation's lakes have serious pollution problems. 80% of 3,700 urban lakes in the United States are destroyed. More than 94 million residents could use these lakes for recreational use or for a source of water (169). Cincinnati's drinking water contains about 700 chemicals. 90% of them did not exist 20 years ago. The main sources of most of these chemical pollutants are municipal sewage, industrial discharges, and runoffs from farming areas. There are also several other chemicals in America's drinking water. Although hazardous, there are approximately 60 chemicals that are mixed into water in the process of treating it. Unlike rivers or lakes, underground supplies are not processed at treatment plants before being used by humans. "More than one hundred million of our citizens depend in a whole or in part on underground as sources of drinking water (Beck qtd. in Regenstein 172). Once groundwater becomes contaminated, there is usually no way to clean it.

Drenches are veterinary products which contain liquid formulation for oral administration that is used to kill internal and external parasites in most of the livestock especially in sheep. It serves mainly as a deworming purpose and is used in the worm control on any farms. Drenches is also known as anthelmintics as they contain active ingredients that kill the helminths in the stomach of the livestock. Basically, there are three major types of drenches which are the suspensions, solutions and emulsions. (P.Junquera, 2015) Drenches can become a broad spectrum when they treat an extensive range of internal parasites or a narrow spectrum when they treat only a restricted range of internal parasites. (Sheep Worms: Signs, Management Plan, Control, & Drenching, 2015) There are several chemical groups in drenches and each of them have a specific mode of action on the worm. Drench test can be carried out regularly to ensure the effectiveness of certain drenches to a particular parasitic worm. Several steps have to be taken carefully as well when drenching as inappropriate drenching may cause the drench resistance. Combinations of various drenches are implemented in order to prevent the occurrence of drench resistance whereby the worms are resistant to a certain type of drenches. (Drenches, n.d.) Thus, it is very important to preserve several effective drenches to cope with this problem.

Although the state of America’s water infrastructure is of great concern, the types of chemicals found in America’s tap water are equally as frightening. The passage of the Water Act in 1972 prevents the direct dumping of hazardous chemicals directly into waterways, and helps regulate quality standards of water. However, the Clean Water Act is has no jurisdiction on regulating indirect dumping of chemicals that integrates into water supplies. Pesticides and prescription drugs are the greatest cause for concern of indirect containments in America’s water supply (Olsen). An abundance of the harmful chemicals found in liquefied animals feces, used in large dairy states, have percolated into drinking wells that have caused serious infections (Duhigg). However, more harmful containments are infiltrating water supplies. Such containments include

Based on United State Pharmacopeia, pastes are defined as semisolid dosage forms that contain one or more drug substances intended for topical application. (Pharmaceutical Dosage Form, 2009) Pastes are also intended for application to oral cavity or mucous membranes besides the skin. Pastes are usually prepared from fats, fatty oils, petrolatum, paraffin, waxes, glycerin or water by mixing homogeneously powdered drug with the foregoing materials as bases. (General Requirements for Pharmaceutical Preparation) There are two classes of paste which are fatty pastes and non-greasy pastes which is made from single phase aqueous gel.