Pharmacist-Run Diabetes Clinics

Managing diabetes needs continuum of care to improve the health of the population, reduce per capita costs of care and improve the experience of care. Continuum of care is defined as a care system that guides and tracks the clients through a myriad of health services at all levels, stages and intensity of care (HIMSS.com, 2015). The provisions of Title II-Subtitle E provide new options for long-term services and support. The provision of community first choice allows the lower income diabetes patients to have access to long-term healthcare at an affordable cost (Obamacarefacts.com, 2013). Empowered by HIT, nurses can find community resources, develop patient

Several nationwide programs and incentives were administered in the last couple of decades to promote awareness of diabetes and hopefully help prevent millions of Americans from developing diabetes. Health Agencies, such as World Health Organization (WHO) and Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), have developed objectives to tackle diabetes. Some of these objectives include conducting surveillance and obtaining diabetes data to identify trends in the population, spreading awareness about the condition, and developing programs that will enhance diabetes care and ensure the longevity of the patients. Various programs have been developed but while some excel, others fail to benefit the lives of the patient.

Diabetes is a serious medical condition that can also be a risk factor for the development of many different diseases and conditions including dementia, heart disease, and CVA. Thus, effective management of diabetes is very important. Patient compliance can be difficult to achieve if the person affected with diabetes is not educated about the illness or treatment, has not fully accepted the diagnosis or its severity, will not change habits or believes that the prescribed treatment regime is too difficult or ineffective, has cultural beliefs conflicting with the treatment regime, experiences stressful events, lacks social support, or suffers from psychiatric issues unrelated to diabetes (Gerard, Griffin, & Fitzpatrick, 2010). As one may expect, adequate education programs are essential tools when dealing with diabetics. Solid education will provide the patient with information as well as teaching the necessary skills to manage the disorder. The primary focus of any diabetes education program must be to empower patients as a part of the multidisciplinary team. This team should be focused at integrating diabetes into the lives of the patients and this focus should be based on the decisions made by the patient, otherwise the treatment plan can be looked on as forced (Gerald et al., 2010). Every patient stricken with diabetes has the right to benefit from an education program of this type. First, basic education and facts should be administered directly following the diagnosis of

The rate of diabetes in the United States is one of the highest compared to other developed countries. An estimate of 9.3% of the population have diabetes, of those with diabetes 27.8% have yet to be diagnosed (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). This means that approximately 8.1 million people are currently living with diabetes, but are unaware of it. As of 2012, 12.3% of people with diabetes were 20 years old or older, the largest population diagnosed with diabetes were adults 65 years old or older. 25.9% of this population lives with diabetes (CDC, 2014). On a national level, the CDC have launched initiatives that focus on prevention and disease management. The National Diabetes Prevention Program is an example of one such initiative. This program focuses on lifestyle changes,

Diabetes has become an epidemic in today’s society. Diabetes affects almost every system in the body, and with an estimated 346 million people in the world with diabetes, healthcare has been heavily affected by the disease (Ramasamy, Shrivastava, P., & Shrivastava, S., 2013). One of the biggest issues for healthcare workers when it comes to diabetes, is that it is such a complicated disease. With so many different systems being affected, medical professionals have had to learn how the disease process works, what causes diabetes to work through the systems, and the best treatments to address all these issues. Through much research, the healthcare system has grown very knowledgeable on diabetes. One important aspect of treating diabetes has been in the introduction of diabetic education. In the past, nurses and dieticians had been responsible for educating patients on diabetes, but now that role is also extended to other people in the healthcare team, including the patient (Tomky, 2013). In fact, patients taking an active role in the education process, including learning to self-care has now become a priority in diabetes treatment. The following paper will discuss diabetic education, the importance of self-care and how this affects a patient’s compliance.

This essay will inform readers about the best practices, published guidelines, and clinical pathways for management of diabetes. Diabetes is a serious issue that affects millions of people. Unrecognized pre diabetes is also a growing concern that is increasing dramatically. Diabetes is not diagnosed for most homeless people, because they do not do have a yearly physical check-up. Published guidelines are useful to patients and practitioners because they focus on the improvement of care. Clinical pathways are also important, because they focus on the outcome and assessment of their achievement.

Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuous medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications[ ].

Background: Uninsured patients with diabetes are at increased risk for poor outcomes and often have limited access to health and prescription services necessary to manage diabetes. The Cooper Rowan Clinic is a medical student-run, attending-supervised free clinic that offers primary care to the

One of the most successful programs implemented led by pharmacist was the Asheville Project started in the late 1990s in Asheville, North Carolina to provide management for diabetes patient (Smith, 2009). The pharmacist would provide diabetic medication consultation, patient training on glucose monitoring device, educate patient on lifestyle management and ultimately develop a plan that is patient specific to help meet his health target with follow-ups (Smith, 2009), which is similar to the goals outlined in MedsCheck for Diabetes in Ontario (Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, 2011). The Asheville program demonstrated many positive patient outcome including 50% of participants improved the mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value and reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, which ultimately led to a decrease in emergency department visits to a rate of one-third of the national average (Cranor, Bunting, & Christensen, 2003). In fact, the success of this initiative allowed the extension of the Asheville program to include management for asthma, hypertension and high cholesterol (American Pharmacists Association,

Another challenge is that traditional health-care systems currently in operation in the county and other communities in Texas, are designed to provide symptom-driven responses to acute illnesses, and are often poorly configured to meet the needs of the chronically ill. Further, successful management of chronic diseases including diabetes is challenging due to lack of information technology in outpatient settings; multiple sources of nonintegrated information; limited access to and use of diabetes specialists including education services, and time constraints.

According to the American Diabetes Association, the complications and cost acquired from diabetes can be dramatically reduce if patients are more aware of the potential risk and receive proper health prevention education. Diabetes self-management is essential in reducing the complications of disease. Researchers use several theories to help come up with the best way to provide care to patients with chronic illness such as diabetes. The major theory for this EBP is the Chronic Care Model, the author chose this model because of its versatility, it can be apply in any setting and allow for the improvement of care of both the individual and community level (Coleman, Austin, Brach, & Wagner, 2009)

The review of literature section will define diabetes and prediabetes, identify the prevalence and major risk factors for diabetes, and present behavioral changes that can reduced the risk of developing diabetes. This section discusses the types of presentations and teaching methods that have been utilized in diabetes prevention and the health belief model. The final paragraphs in the review of literature present the learning theory and delivery method of instructional designs, which are ideal for a diabetes prevention program.

Diabetes is associated with wide range of complications such as chronic renal failure, blindness, amputations, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, and neuropathy (Alotabi, A., et al., 2016). There is no known cure for diabetes, but the disease can be controlled through health management that includes multiple perspectives of care such as medications, blood glucose monitoring, diet, nutrition, screening for long-term complications and regular physical activity (Alotabi, A., et al., 2016). Managing diabetes may be complicated and requires the knowledge and skills of both healthcare providers and the clients. Studies have shown that to prevent or delay diabetic complications due to diabetes, counseling and other lifestyle interventions are the effective therapy. Even with many policies set up for diabetes, 8.1 million Americans are undiagnosed with diabetes mellitus, and approximately 86 million Americans ages 20 and older have blood glucose levels that considerably increase their risk of developing Diabetes Mellitus in the next several years (CDC, 2015). For diabetes care to be successful there needs to be a good understanding of the disease and management by both patients and healthcare providers,

Segal, Leach, May, and Turnbull (2013) noted that outpatient best-practice diabetes care can reduce the burden of diabetes and associated health care costs. However, diabetes management within the outpatient setting is complex and time consuming, leaving both healthcare providers and patients frustrated with the inability to coordinate, manage care and improve outcomes for this patient population (Ernst, 2014). With this in mind, a team care approach utilizing APRNs reduces this health care delivery burden, and improves education, management and care coordination in the outpatient setting (CDC, 2013).

Diabetesmellitushas been the causeof4.6milliondeaths. In addition,health expenditurefordiabetes mellitushas reached465billionUSD. Complicationsexperienced bypatients withtype 2 diabetes mellitusthatcauses the suffererto experiencedependencein regulatingdietary patterns. Ketidakmandirianpatientsin managingthe dietdue toa lack of knowledgeandlack ofmotivationin self-care. This study aims toidentify theeffectiveness ofDiabetesSelf-Management Education toindependenceyipe2diabetic patientsin managingthe diet.