Essay on Phil 1600 Ch 3 Questions

* 24 What are 2 misdiagnosis of the reason for Mark Studdock’s failure? 1. SOMETIMES WE FAIL TO SECURE THE TRUTH BECAUSE OF SOME KIND OF PHYSIOLOGICAL MALFUNCTION 2. “THE WISE MAN OUGHT TO PROPORTION HIS BELIEF TO THE EVIDENCE”

Lawrence Kohlberg, a developmental psychologist, identified six developmental stages of human moral reasoning. The first stage that he recognized was the Punishment-Obedience Orientation, where the person’s concern is for avoiding punishment through obedience. The second stage was the Instrumental Relativist Orientation, where the person’s concern is to work in their self interest, and better their position. The third stage of moral development was the Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation, where the person’s concern lies with their reputation. Next was the Law And Order Orientation, where the person was less concerned with their own immediate well being to the maintenance of a larger society. The fifth stage was the Social Contract

As stages in psychological development have been defined by Freud, stages in moral development have been outlined by early educators Jean Piaget and Kohlberg, who put forth differing views on the moral development of children. Piaget theorized that children process morals in stages, first one then the next, with a transition in between. The first stage (from ages 4 to about 7) is referred to as “heteronymous morality”, where children think of rules as constants, that is to say, rules are part of the world’s makeup with no input or possibility of change by people. As children progress from seven to ten years of age, they move from one stage to the next, maintaining some of the traits of the

The right to decide one’s own fate within a fair social contract, unmolested by aristocracy or ruled by unjust laws.

The second level of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral development is the Conventional Level. The Conventional level consists of stages 3 and 4. Stage 3 is based on interpersonal expectations. Those who are at this stage try to be a “good” boy or a “good” girl and live up to others’--such as close friends and family’s-- expectations. Stage 4 is based on Law-and-Order. They are not only focused on what their family and friends say; they are now focused on society. These stages are usually reached by early teens. They don’t blindly follow rules;

Conflict plays a major role practically everyday in everything. Whether it’s something minor or something major, everyone faces conflict. An instance of conflict is temptation. There is always some sort of temptation in everyday life. In the cartoon Peanuts, by Charles Schulz, he illustrates how Lucy tempts Charlie Brown to kick the football. However, Charlie Brown also struggles with the conflict of whether or not to kick the football since it’s always the same outcome of her pulling the football away. Trial and error is part of conflict. With experienced outcomes in mind, we all still want to give into the circumstance of thinking that there will be a different outcome. In the cartoon, the football portrays hope in that maybe things will be different each time Charlie Brown goes on to attempt the kick. Schulz illustrates life through Lucy and temptations through the football. Temptation is a conflict people face; its the contemplation of whether or not to give in. Everyday people face conflict, how we approach it determines the degree of the

Kohlberg’s second level from his theory is conventional moral reasoning. This is primarily people following social norms and customs (Kohlberg’s Theory). The laws and rule are sustained simply because they are laws and rules that must be followed (“Kohlberg’s Moral Development”). The second level is generally found in society hence the name of this level being “conventional”. Stages three and four are included in the conventional level. Stage three focuses heavily on peer approval (Lawrence Kohlberg). Individuals are merely trying to please others so they will follow rules or do what others want them to do in order to gain their approval (“Kohlberg’s Moral Development”). Many will follow

At some point, everyone will experience an internal struggle. These conflicts can be between things such as ambitions, responsibility, desires, and so on. They are usually resolved

Human character seems to develop when confronted by a conflict. This is demonstrated in the book Under the Persimmon Tree by Suzanne Fisher Staples. For example, the protagonist Najmah had a peaceful and easygoing life at first, but after her father and older brother were abducted she faced constant conflicts. Najmah faced an immense obstruction in her life, because of the loss of her mother and baby brother caused by a bombardment, ergo, she decided to flee to Pakistan. Najmah was given an enormous decision by her teacher, Nustrat, which shaped her life completely. Najmah confronted conflicts that changed her character, both physically and mentally to take responsibility of her life and develop a mature and brave character.

It´s easier to find ways to predict it, prevent it, transform it, and resolve it. In a book the dynamic character cannot change without conflict, conflict helps the character to grow and understand to better them. If there was never conflict life would be mundane because nothing would change. It’s essential for innovation because it increases the number of ideas available for potential modernization. Conflict is a learning experience to help us learn what is right and what is wrong. If America did not have the American Revolution then we would not be a nation nor a democracy. If there was no Civil War African Americans would have no legal rights. Conflict build a person's character up. Most people do not listen with the intent to understand; they listen with the intent to reply. Every kind of conflict produces creative thinking, if it wasn’t for conflict you wouldn’t know half the things you know today, it’s the only thing that gives a solution to a problem, People tend to feel as if they don’t have a say anymore, but when they try to change things but no emulations are acted upon. So, these daily matters have no change.

Major experiences and conflict that happen in one’s life while they are young help to shape one’s perceptions and personality. Conflict is a natural part of growing up. Adversity can help shape important and key parts of knowledge, personality, and problem solving skills Adversity builds personal experiences through conflict which helps establish a new aspect of one’s personality, reveal a new side of a person, and build strengths.

Kohlberg’s theory depends on three levels of moral develop, which he says will determine moral behavior. (Cognitive PowerPoint) The first is pre-conventional, which states that individuals respond to already established social norms so as to receive rewards within society. The second theory is conventional level, which, after a point, the person has internalized the norms into his or her own behavior and as a result has developed consciousness of values that lean towards the authority. Lastly, the post-conventional level, which, as a result of internalizing these values, establishes principles that they use to judge their own actions, “emphasizing respect for the rights of all people” (Cognitive PowerPoint). The reason why students tend not to cheat is because they have more than often than not have accepted the social norms of society, e.g., they are in a very prestigious university. Since their accomplishment has been due to the rewards given by society. They have accepted this and internalized these values and their judgments are based on values of integrity and academic

the basic human rights that exist in their own country. This means the righteous moralist theory should be

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development were based on a moral philosopher by the name of Lawrence Kohlberg. His main interest was to observe children during growth to develop and conclude which stages they best fit into. After observing both adults and children, he concluded that, “Human beings progress consecutively from one stage to the next in an invariant sequence” (“Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development”). All of the 6 stages he created, represent the morality in which a child or adult can be at; he created an age zone for each stage. There are a total of 6 stages but each main concept consists of 3 levels. Level 1 is the preconventional stage. This stage focuses on punishment/obedience and how the person decides to act due to the

The theory of moral development, advanced by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg is one of the most well-known persuasive theories in the field of cognitive science and stems from the work of Jean Piaget, which hypothesizes on the direct correlation that exists between moral and cognitive development. Kohlberg speaks of the appearance and understanding of what is right and wrong from childhood to adulthood and explains by this transition through the identification of various levels of morality known as pre-conventional, conventional and post conventional. People will make decisions based on the understanding of the possible outcome and through reasoning of morals. (Target Concept)