Photodynamic Therapy Essay

[2] McCray, J. A., & Trentham, D. R. (1989). Properties and uses of photoreactive caged compounds. Annual review of biophysics and biophysical chemistry,18(1), 239-270.

Evers, D. J., B. Hendricks, G. Lucassen, and T. Ruers. "Optical Spectroscopy: Current Advances and Future Applications in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy." NCBI. National Center for Biotechnology Information, 8 Mar. 2012. Web. 13 Sept. 2015.

The stain allows us to look at the cell morphology and observe it properly in the microscope. DNA is negatively charged because of phosphate so when the positively-charged methylene blue is added, then the charges attract and stains the DNA, allowing us to see the cell.

As mentioned previously in this paper, the formazan is the compound that is absorbing the light, which means that at a higher absorbance there is more formazan in solution. In order to produce formazan, there must be live, viable cells that can convert MTT; thus, at a higher absorbance, there are more viable cells able to convert MTT. The highest absorbance value is shown to be from the lowest concentration of aspartame, 0mM, which means that this concentration at the highest number of viable cells. The downward trend show in the graph indicates that there are fewer viable cells at each increasing concentration, meaning that as concentration of aspartame increases, cell viability

Using polarized light, things that have once gone unseen by the human eye can be brought to light, including cancerous tissues, which reflect this special form of light differently

Photodynamic therapy is also referred to as photodynamic action, which refers to photosensitized reactions. 1 This reactions involve exciting oxygen in the cell, which then becomes cytotoxic and destroys the cell, in this case for example a cancerous cell. This began in around the 1960s by R.L. Lipson and S. Schwartz at the Mayo Clinic. The scientists observed that injecting hematoporphyrin allowed for the flurescence of lesions

Furthermore, there are aquatic organisms such as the mantis shrimp that has an estimated 12-16 photoreceptor cells. In the presence of the 750 nm wavelength of light that humans cone cells aren’t sensitive enough to signal an observation, the mantis shrimps red cone cells are sensitive to this wavelength of light and can absorb the wavelengths to send a response to their brain. In the presence of UV-B (290-320 nm) wavelengths, humans blue cone cells aren’t sensitive enough or able to absorb enough of the light to signal a response to their brain. Whereas the Mantis Shrimp has various photo receptors that are sensitive to these

The effects of EMR upon biological systems depend both upon the radiation's power and its frequency. For EMR of visible frequencies or lower the damage done to cells and other materials is determined mainly by power and caused primarily by heating effects from the combined energy transfer of many photons. By contrast, for ultraviolet and higher frequencies chemical materials and living cells can be further damaged beyond that done by simple heating, since individual photons of such high frequency have enough energy to cause direct molecular

Rhodopsin is a biological pigment which is extremely sensitive to light energy found in the rods of the retina and is said to be a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It was discovered that when rhodopsin is exposed to light energy, it immediately photobleaches.

An ultraviolet wave is an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 10^-8 meters and a frequency of 10^15 nm. Hospitals use UV lamps to sterilize surgical equipment and the air in operating theaters. Food and drug companies also use UV lamps to sterilize their products.UV rays can also damage the eyes and can ultimately lead to blindness. Melanoma, a type of skin cancer, can also develop within the eye. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation that lies between visible light and x rays in its energy and wavelength. It is a component of the radiation that reaches the Earth from the

The L* value was considered as lightness, so the decrease in L* value was noticed by changing of bright color, leading to skin darkening (Figure 4.2.2A). The change of L* value was not clearly correlated with browning, while Chroma and Hue value can identify a difference of browning better than L*value. The increase of Chroma value lead to the higher skin darkening (Figure 4.2.2B). Chroma value in 150C treatment was lower than the other treatments, these result can be confirmed that high continuous light can decrease the browning on wound.

Obvious light ranges from approximately 750 nm in the red to 380 nm in the blue. Regarding vitality, our equation lets us know that these photons range from around 1.6 to 3.3 electron volts. This is generally on the request of the energies included in electron vitality levels, which is the premise for science. Synthetic responses can make noticeable light (shine stocks, fireflies, and so on) and light can made substance responses (camera film, colours blurring, and so on). Bright light from the sun is of a shorter wavelength, say, 300 nm or somewhere in the vicinity from the beams we ought to shield ourselves from at the shoreline. These are around 4.2 eV, sufficiently solid to more energize more enthusiastic electron vitality levels and separate the particles. On the off chance that it's a DNA atom, these harms and breaks from retaining the photons can in the long run lead to skin growth and other wellbeing

Optogenetics is a recently developed class of techniques, in which light-sensitive proteins can be used for controlling the activity of cells, such as neurons 1. Prior to the current study: “Optogenetic control with a photocleavable protein, PhoCl”2 there were three categories of optogenetic tools: light activated channels and pumps based on microbial opsins, proteins subject to light-dependent allosteric control, and proteins that have light-dependant changes in oligomeric interactions. The current study2 will address a newly developed fourth category of optogenetic tool, a photocleavable protein, PhoCl. The study explains how it was developed and improved in addition to explaining how PhoCl can be applied to control a cell’s activity2. The author hypothesizes that PhoCl is a valuable new class of optogenetic tool that can be used in a variety of different situations such as uncaging a protein, in a unique way that allows it to degrade naturally,

This paper was written with the purpose to inform people of the uses of Low Level Laser Therapy as well as provided insight on the potential of this technology. This includes misconceptions and facts, healing of both external and internal wounds and the reduction of pain. Some knowledge over lasers and cells will be necessary to understand this paper. My sources are both secondary and tertiary sources composed of scholar journals and internet articles as well. In order for the reader to understand the terms in this paper, key terms will be provided and a glossary as well in the end of the paper.

The conditions for antibiotic production were investigated and optimized with respect to pH, temperature, nitrogen source, and light intensity. Immobilization of cells was investigated in connection with its subsequent application to photobioreactors. The filamentous nature