Piquero's Meta-Analysis

The changes in family values and structure in the United States has helped contribute to juvenile delinquency today. Society needs to recognize problems within the home before trying to find solutions to problems for todays at risk youth in America. Major structural changes inside of the home could adversely affect the raising of juveniles leading to delinquency. Some of the issues I will discuss in my paper are divorce, child abuse, mothers working outside of the home, and single-parent homes. Ineffectively raising a child can cause low

While evaluating the drug court programs several types of dependencies were discovered. One dependency was created because of multiple measures of criminal behavior during the same time of the follow-ups. Each evaluation had to utilize a particular research sample so that statistical independence could be maintained. An odds-ratio effect size was used because this type of format is most appropriate effect size for the outcomes referring to recidivism. The coding of the effect size was done in such a way that positive effect sizes indicated the treatment group had more of a favorable outcome than the comparison group. The researchers coded an effect size that quantified each court's effects on recidivism. There was also the coding of drug court programs, research methodology, and samples (Mitchell et al., 2012). The results of the study showed that participants in the drug court programs have lower recidivism rate than nonparticipants. These rates show to be less following their removal from the drug court programs. These findings express the need for continuous funding, development, and operation of drug court programs as they prove a reduction in recidivism. However, when it comes to drug courts in the juvenile judicial system, the finding are considerably less than adult drug

Also, we need data and additional detailed information on the participants who were not satisfied. As stated in the article, “What Works in Reducing Recidivism”, the “Treatment Principle”, states “the most effective programs are behavioral in nature” (Latessa, Lowenkamp, p523, University of St. Thomas Law Journal). The report provided by staff does not clearly identify how many participants in each program and which program had the lower success rate and least

Correctional treatment programs have long been thought not to be effective in lowering the recidivism among criminals; Martinson (1979). Researchers have done countless studies and surveys only to find out that many of these studies and programs work and nearly the same number of programs do not work, depending on what component was or was not a part of the studies. Knowing that all programs does not work for all criminals is a no brainer, however, finding a good mixture of what does work and for what percentage of criminals is a beginning to duplicate that program with a few minor adjustments in the programs.

hildren at risk for becoming delinquent. The programs are designed to deter participants from future offending by providing firsthand observations of prison life and interaction with adult inmates. We briefly summarize the results of a Campbell Collaboration review. Our review indicates that not only do these programs fail to deter crime, but they actually lead to more offending behavior. Government officials permitting this program need to adopt rigorous methods of evaluation to ensure that they are not causing more harm to the very citizens they've pledged to protect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Other organization think that Juvenile delinquency should receive more local, state, and national attention, they feel that there are no straightforward

Research suggests that reducing the rate of reoccurring offenses for juvenile offenders is directly related to understanding the factors that increase the recidivism rates for this age group: the origins of the offenders, the behavior problems and causes, the adjudication process, and the type of offense committed.

“Behavior problems (e.g., aggression, oppositional behaviors, separation anxiety) in young children ages 5 years and younger are common and often begin in the toddler and preschool years” (Fung, Fox, & Harris, 2014 p.623; as cited in Fox & Holtz, 2009). Unfortunately, Fung et al. (2014) found that there are some at-risk young children whose behavior problems fail to dissolve. If not treated, these conduct issues frequently form into more serious psychiatric side effects as children advance into adolescence and adulthood, and regularly induce future cycles of violence (as cited in Campbell, 2002; Einfeld et al., 2006; Robert, Mazzucchelli, Studman, & Sanders, 2006). Fortunately, there are programs available to help at-risk young children with behavior problems. One of those programs is called Early Pathways (EP). EP is a therapy program that takes place in the home of the child and their parents (Fung et al., 2014). Fung et al. decided to incorporate the EP program into their study to find out if the program would be successful for the 447 at-risk children ages 5 and younger who were participating in the study. The article by Fung et al. offers direction for creating successful early-mediation for families of low-income to improve behavior results for their children.

In their meta-analysis, Treadwell and colleagues reviewed post–gastric bypass complications in six studies that included a total of 131 patients. No operation related hospital deaths occurred, but one death occurred in a child 9 months after gastric bypass who contracted severe Clostridium difficile colitis and experienced multisystem organ failure. Shock, pulmonary embolism, postoperative bleeding, severe malnutrition, and bowel obstruction occurred postoperatively, but because of variability in the way these complications were reported, the authors of the meta-analysis were unable to calculate actual incidences. Protein-calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency were also reported, but their overall incidence in adolescents was unclear

Aos, Phipps, Barnoski, & Lieb (2001) states, “Coordination of Services (COS), provides an educational program to juvenile offenders and their parents (for example, families below the poverty line). The goals of COS are to deter juveniles from delinquent behavior, get them to set goals, review the strengths of the individual and their family, and explain what resources are available” (S. Aos, P. Phipps, R. Barnoski, and R. Lieb 2001). Moreover, Aos, Phipps, Barnoski, & Lieb (2001) asserts, “Of the 342 youth in the sample, 63 re-offended with a misdemeanor, and 13 re-offended with a felony. These low recidivism rates make it less likely to observe statistically significant differences between the groups.” (S. Aos, P. Phipps, R. Barnoski, and R. Lieb 2001).

The program has been proven to curb subsequent delinquency. I think based on what I read is that the individual risk factors (mental and physical health), social risk factors (family conflict or abuse), school risk factors (truancy, drop out), and community risk factors (drugs and violent crimes) can suggest that a child repeated exposure to these risks can likely result in recidivism or post-adjudicatory detention. But that the patterns and trends of these youth have to be individually analyzed. Not all programs that have been developed for juvenile delinquency are a once-size-fits-all and that curbing delinquency begins before the juvenile justice

The utilization of evidence based programs have proven to have positive outcomes for youth such as; reduced anxieties, and depression, academic success, support systems and skills for employment. Characteristically, juvenile delinquency follows a route comparable to that of usual adolescent development. Delinquent behavior is a path followed and not just something that children randomly engage in and therefore, through the understanding of the developmental paths of at-risk youth, researchers believe that early interventions can help to increase positive outcomes (Youth.Gov, 2017).

Additionally other approaches have been implemented to counteract delinquency issues such as best practices. Vigorous steps have been taken to design accountability programs to deal with delinquency. A Multifaceted approach for research on delinquency is required and specific guidelines for effective programming is based on that research. There is evidence that affirm that fundamentals that hold juvenile accountable, such as recreational to intensive supervision and aftercare, are essential elements to efficient programs. Best practices can be identified as a system that can be "proven through research to increase pro-social behavior and to reduce future recidivism. Progressive organizational use of direct, current scientific evidence to guide and inform efficient and effective correctional services. Programs that meet the Principles of Effective Intervention.

Parent Management Training (PMT) is an evidence-based intervention instilled to parents of children and adolescents with aggressive, antisocial and defiant behaviors. Parents are taught social learning techniques with the purpose of changing the behavior of their children. Parents learn effective parent-child relationship management strategies and parenting skills through exercises and role play with the therapist. These methods include observing and recording behavior, positive reinforcement, token reinforcement, time out reinforcement, attending, ignoring, reprimanding, shaping, and compromising. As treatment sessions progress, these concepts are introduced and instructed to be implemented at home. The timing of this reinforcement and its modulations to shape parent behavior are trained rather explicitly among therapists (Kazdin, 2005). Several behavioral training programs exist today, and techniques from a number of them are depicted in the Parent Management Training manual paradigm discussed throughout this synopsis. The compendium of literature presented in this overview suggest the effectiveness of PMT as a behavioral treatment for children and adolescents.

Another professor who had an influence on Hirschi’s development was Hanan C. Selvin. Appointed as a research assistant at UC Berkley, Hirschi had the job of reviewing and critiquing what was known about delinquency statistics at that time. That led him to delinquency theories and the work of Jackson Toby, Albert Reiss, and F. Ivan Nye (Schreck, 2014). But the research Hirschi conducted on delinquency led to his book – a collaboration between he and Selvin entitled “Delinquency Research: An Appraisal of Analytic Methods”

The development of preventive strategies will necessarily follow from an understanding of delinquency's root causes. If social structure is a key factor in the development of juvenile delinquency, then prevention will entail addressing issues regarding place, identity, or socioeconomic status. For example, if poverty is considered a significant causative factor, then taking steps such as providing jobs, job training, and perhaps additional welfare benefits becomes an important social concern. By eliminating poverty, society will thus