Poliovirus Pathogenesis

(Altrichter, 2016a). HeLa cells are the reason why we don’t have polio, understand the behaviors of bacterial and viral

Poliomyelitis (polio) is a disease that attacks the nervous tissue in the spinal cord and the brain stem resulting in paralysis (Document One). Polio is caused by the poliovirus, but it is unknown how this virus is acquired. The virus enters the digestive tract and stays in the intestines for up to eight weeks, and then attacks the lymphatic system, the blood stream and eventually travels to the brain and spine (Document Four). Once it is infected in one’s body, the disease is highly contagious and can be spread through contact of saliva, food, germs, or feces (Document Two). “The poliovirus causes most of its infections in the summer and fall. At one time, summer epidemics of polio were common and greatly feared” (Document Four). This may

The polio epidemic affected lives of people in the 1950’s both with and without being diagnosed, and despite it being cured Polio has changed the world and its views of vaccines and medicine, rehabilitation and Government views. Having been around for centuries, Poliomyelitis has dated back to ancient Egypt, but it became a major issue in the United States in the 1940’s-1950’s. Now it is known that the disease was spread by a spread of contaminated Fecal matter.(Rogers) Mostly affecting the infantile population, Polio often caused symptoms stiffness of the neck or back or paralysis.(Paul, as cited in Loeb) The Polio epidemic had a higher morbidity rate than a mortality because of the disease causing more physical damages to the body.

Poliomyelitis, also commonly known as polio, is a viral infection that, at one point was virtually eradicated in the US (SOURCE). The last major epidemic of polio was in the early 1950's (SOURCE). Polio was characterized in one of three ways: nonparalytic

Nobody has ever discovered completely how it is that polio is spread. The best evidence suggests that the virus is excreted in the stool and passed through hand to hand or hand to mouth contact by people who do not wash their hands properly or often enough. It was during the first few years of the fifties and many years before then, that health department officials

Poliomyelitis also called Polio or infantile paralysis describes an acute viral infectious disease which is generally transmitted by the oral fecal route. The condition is characterized by the downwards flexed foot, withered limbs associated with muscle atrophy following the loss of motor innervations in the limb. The symptoms, location, extent and persistence of the paralysis caused depends on the degree of the damage to the anterior horn neurons and the number of neurons affected. The forms of the disease include the abortive poliomyelitis which is the most common, with symptoms such as malaise; fever and vomiting that subside in few days. The nonparalytic poliomyelitis (aseptic meningitis) has symptoms such as stiff neck and pain in the back and neck. This subsides in 2-10 days. This may advance to the paralytic Poliomyelitis resulting from the lower motor neuron damage. The post Poliomyelitis is characterized by muscle atrophy, especially observed in individuals decades after their experience with paralytic Poliomyelitis. Immunity to the type causing the infection is permanent especially for the types- 1, 2 and 3. Maternal passive immunity is transferred to the offspring and disappears during the first 6 months of life. Humans are the only reservoir for the infection. The Global Polio Eradication initiative embarked upon by the World Health organization, Rotary International, and the UNICEF gives hope of achieving the desired “ global polio free world The

Poliomyelitis is a viral disease that can affect nerves and can lead to partial or full paralysis. Poliomyelitis is a disease caused by infection with the poliovirus. The virus spreads by direct person to person contact. For example contact with infected mucus or phlegm from the nose or mouth. Some symptoms are sore throat, fever, tiredness, nausea, headache, and stomach pain. The virus enters through the mouth and nose. It multiplies in the throat and intestinal tracts and then is absorbed and spread through the blood and lymph system. The time from being infected with the virus to developing symptoms of disease can range from 5 - 35 days.

Vaccine-derived polioviruses: This is a very rare strain of poliovirus that is create by the mutation of the virus in the OPV. The OPV enters the intestine and multiplies. After it get absorbed into the bloodstream it activates the immune system. When the patient is excreting the virus it can change and be genetically altered. To get paralysed from this type of poliovirus is very rare. THe paralytic type of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis only occurs in 1 of 2.7million. If a community is not fully vaccinated then the viruses will survive longer and will undergo more mutations as long as it is being spread around. If there is a case of vaccine-derived poliovirus, the oral vaccine will be given to prevent the spread of the disease from the patient.

    In this term paper the discovery of the Polio vaccine will be discussed and broken down into deeper thought on why and how it was discovered. Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease that reached epidemic levels in the mid twentieth century. People that were unfortunate to receive this disease faced hardships including fevers, sore throat and vomiting(Allaby). These are just symptoms but Polio can be a vicious disease leaving their patients paralyzed. The majority of people who are diagnosed with Polio don’t get paralyzed right away or die suddenly. The symptoms are very similar to any other sickness and people who are newly diagnosed do not

The poliovirus is one of the most transmittable and most contagious viruses that the human population has come in contact with.  The structure of the poliovirus allows it to be able to bind to motor neuron cells within a host’s body and reproduce quickly. Like all virus’s, the poliovirus

In 1916, over 27,000 cases of polio were reported nationwide. In 1952, 57,628 cases of polio were reported in the United States. Polio mostly affected children, but it did affect adults and teens. Polio is very contagious and can be spread by nasal and oral contact. Also, can be spread by contact with contaminated feces. Polio had epidemics every few years. Most people who had polio recovered, but others suffered temporary or permanent paralysis and sometimes death. In the United States, the polio vaccine is recommended at 2 and 4 months of age. They are also get the vaccine again twice before entering elementary

“A 1916 Polio epidemic in the United States killed 6,000 people and paralyzed 27,000 more” (“Polio Vaccine”). This lead to the creation of the polio vaccine that has helped to prevent polio for a very long time. The IPV and OPV vaccines played a huge role in all of this. Jonas Salk, who created the IPV vaccine and Albert Sabin, who created the OPV vaccine saved millions of people all around the world from polio (Petersen, Jennifer B). The IPV and OPV polio vaccine helped eliminate polio from the United States and helped prevent polio in other parts of the world (“Polio Vaccine”).

The eradication of polio is not too far off in the future, since wild polio last reported case was back in 2012 there is hope that the world may see the end of the days of polio all together. The first step in the eradication is to eliminate Sabin derived polio virus due to its prolonged replication period that could potentially reestablish endemic and pandemic transmission. This will be accomplished with a world effort, everywhere needs to be on board to make this plan effective. Inactive polio vaccination would have to be added to the already oral polio vaccination, once this is done the goal is to take the trivalent polio vaccine and replace it with bivalent polio vaccine. Three principles need to be followed when withdrawing all oral polio

But the last associated with many problems, First the live oral polio vaccine is known to be able to cause poliomyelitis in rare cases in both vaccines and their contacts (3). Second some hypogammaglobulinemic patients are known to excrete virus for long periods of time, giving opportunities for the virus to evolve to transmissible and virulent forms (9, 10). The aim of this study is showing of presence of wild and sabin (vaccine of poliovirus) in stools of many cases of children in Iraq and outbreak them.

The poliovirus enters the body through the mouth, and multiplies in the throat and intestines. It may remain unmanifested for anywhere from four to thirty-five days. Once the virus is in the intestines it has the potential to spread throughout the body by way of the bloodstream, and infiltrate into the central nervous system. In the central nervous system, the virus can spread out along the nerve fibers and begin to destroy the nerve cells, or motor neurons, resulting in limpness in the arms and legs. This is known as acute flaccid paralysis and this symptom of polio (also a symptom of several other diseases) is used to uncover new cases which may have been misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all (WHO 1999). This is a necessary procedure in that it helps to cover all the bases in the pursuit of eradicating poliovirus from the earth.