Poliovirus Pathogenesis

Nobody has ever discovered completely how it is that polio is spread. The best evidence suggests that the virus is excreted in the stool and passed through hand to hand or hand to mouth contact by people who do not wash their hands properly or often enough. It was during the first few years of the fifties and many years before then, that health department officials

Poliomyelitis (polio) is a disease that attacks the nervous tissue in the spinal cord and the brain stem resulting in paralysis (Document One). Polio is caused by the poliovirus, but it is unknown how this virus is acquired. The virus enters the digestive tract and stays in the intestines for up to eight weeks, and then attacks the lymphatic system, the blood stream and eventually travels to the brain and spine (Document Four). Once it is infected in one’s body, the disease is highly contagious and can be spread through contact of saliva, food, germs, or feces (Document Two). “The poliovirus causes most of its infections in the summer and fall. At one time, summer epidemics of polio were common and greatly feared” (Document Four). This may

Poliomyelitis, also commonly known as polio, is a viral infection that, at one point was virtually eradicated in the US (SOURCE). The last major epidemic of polio was in the early 1950's (SOURCE). Polio was characterized in one of three ways: nonparalytic

Poliomyelitis is a viral disease that can affect nerves and can lead to partial or full paralysis. Poliomyelitis is a disease caused by infection with the poliovirus. The virus spreads by direct person to person contact. For example contact with infected mucus or phlegm from the nose or mouth. Some symptoms are sore throat, fever, tiredness, nausea, headache, and stomach pain. The virus enters through the mouth and nose. It multiplies in the throat and intestinal tracts and then is absorbed and spread through the blood and lymph system. The time from being infected with the virus to developing symptoms of disease can range from 5 - 35 days.

In 1916, over 27,000 cases of polio were reported nationwide. In 1952, 57,628 cases of polio were reported in the United States. Polio mostly affected children, but it did affect adults and teens. Polio is very contagious and can be spread by nasal and oral contact. Also, can be spread by contact with contaminated feces. Polio had epidemics every few years. Most people who had polio recovered, but others suffered temporary or permanent paralysis and sometimes death. In the United States, the polio vaccine is recommended at 2 and 4 months of age. They are also get the vaccine again twice before entering elementary

Vaccine-derived polioviruses: This is a very rare strain of poliovirus that is create by the mutation of the virus in the OPV. The OPV enters the intestine and multiplies. After it get absorbed into the bloodstream it activates the immune system. When the patient is excreting the virus it can change and be genetically altered. To get paralysed from this type of poliovirus is very rare. THe paralytic type of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis only occurs in 1 of 2.7million. If a community is not fully vaccinated then the viruses will survive longer and will undergo more mutations as long as it is being spread around. If there is a case of vaccine-derived poliovirus, the oral vaccine will be given to prevent the spread of the disease from the patient.

Polio or poliomyelitis is a viral infection that normally affects kids below the age of 5years old. This childhood killer disease has been around for my centuries. Polio was first discovered my Jacob Heine in 1840 and later identified by Karl Landsteiner as poliomyelitis caused by polio virus from the enteric family of viruses. The polio virus is acquired through oral-fecal transmission. The Latin name simply means grey matter, and it is meaning inflation. There is a more serious form that can spread to the brain called polio encephalitis. The world over have cerebrated for the almost eradication of polio through improved sanitation, advancement in access to clean drinking water and aggressive vaccination campaign. There are challenges in recent years because the polio virus has re-emerged in places like Syria, Cameroun, Pakistan and Nigeria among others. In a CNN cable television report the cases of polio in Syria in particular is alarming, there are 100s of new polio cases due to failure of the health system because of a raging civil, sectarian war. The case of Pakistan and Nigeria are of religious extremism where they belief the vaccines are causing harm to their children. These are challenges faced with the eradication of this deadly childhood disease to name a few. The problem is not limited to only these countries, even in the United States of America are some Christian extremist who belief this vaccines makes their children sick. The world health organization (WHO),

The eradication of polio is not too far off in the future, since wild polio last reported case was back in 2012 there is hope that the world may see the end of the days of polio all together. The first step in the eradication is to eliminate Sabin derived polio virus due to its prolonged replication period that could potentially reestablish endemic and pandemic transmission. This will be accomplished with a world effort, everywhere needs to be on board to make this plan effective. Inactive polio vaccination would have to be added to the already oral polio vaccination, once this is done the goal is to take the trivalent polio vaccine and replace it with bivalent polio vaccine. Three principles need to be followed when withdrawing all oral polio

One of the cornerstones of global polio eradication efforts being spearheaded by the Global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) is clinical surveillance for suspected polio cases, or acute flaccid paralysis cases, with clinical confirmation of wild type virus infection by analysis of fecal specimen

Approximately 4%–8% of polio infections consist of a minor, nonspecific illness without clinical or laboratory evidence of central nervous system invasion. This clinical presentation is known as abortive poliomyelitis,

Poliomyelitis also called Polio or infantile paralysis describes an acute viral infectious disease which is generally transmitted by the oral fecal route. The condition is characterized by the downwards flexed foot, withered limbs associated with muscle atrophy following the loss of motor innervations in the limb. The symptoms, location, extent and persistence of the paralysis caused depends on the degree of the damage to the anterior horn neurons and the number of neurons affected. The forms of the disease include the abortive poliomyelitis which is the most common, with symptoms such as malaise; fever and vomiting that subside in few days. The nonparalytic poliomyelitis (aseptic meningitis) has symptoms such as stiff neck and pain in the back and neck. This subsides in 2-10 days. This may advance to the paralytic Poliomyelitis resulting from the lower motor neuron damage. The post Poliomyelitis is characterized by muscle atrophy, especially observed in individuals decades after their experience with paralytic Poliomyelitis. Immunity to the type causing the infection is permanent especially for the types- 1, 2 and 3. Maternal passive immunity is transferred to the offspring and disappears during the first 6 months of life. Humans are the only reservoir for the infection. The Global Polio Eradication initiative embarked upon by the World Health organization, Rotary International, and the UNICEF gives hope of achieving the desired “ global polio free world The

“A 1916 Polio epidemic in the United States killed 6,000 people and paralyzed 27,000 more” (“Polio Vaccine”). This lead to the creation of the polio vaccine that has helped to prevent polio for a very long time. The IPV and OPV vaccines played a huge role in all of this. Jonas Salk, who created the IPV vaccine and Albert Sabin, who created the OPV vaccine saved millions of people all around the world from polio (Petersen, Jennifer B). The IPV and OPV polio vaccine helped eliminate polio from the United States and helped prevent polio in other parts of the world (“Polio Vaccine”).

    In this term paper the discovery of the Polio vaccine will be discussed and broken down into deeper thought on why and how it was discovered. Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease that reached epidemic levels in the mid twentieth century. People that were unfortunate to receive this disease faced hardships including fevers, sore throat and vomiting(Allaby). These are just symptoms but Polio can be a vicious disease leaving their patients paralyzed. The majority of people who are diagnosed with Polio don’t get paralyzed right away or die suddenly. The symptoms are very similar to any other sickness and people who are newly diagnosed do not

The poliovirus is one of the most transmittable and most contagious viruses that the human population has come in contact with.  The structure of the poliovirus allows it to be able to bind to motor neuron cells within a host’s body and reproduce quickly. Like all virus’s, the poliovirus

The poliovirus enters the body through the mouth, and multiplies in the throat and intestines. It may remain unmanifested for anywhere from four to thirty-five days. Once the virus is in the intestines it has the potential to spread throughout the body by way of the bloodstream, and infiltrate into the central nervous system. In the central nervous system, the virus can spread out along the nerve fibers and begin to destroy the nerve cells, or motor neurons, resulting in limpness in the arms and legs. This is known as acute flaccid paralysis and this symptom of polio (also a symptom of several other diseases) is used to uncover new cases which may have been misdiagnosed or not diagnosed at all (WHO 1999). This is a necessary procedure in that it helps to cover all the bases in the pursuit of eradicating poliovirus from the earth.