Preeclampsia: A Nursing Approach. Kytcia J.Guillen Morales.

Preeclampsia/Eclampsia is a complicated pregnancy-induced syndrome that usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation. Together with gestational hypertension, the continued presence of chronic hypertension, and the superimposition of preeclampsia on chronic hypertension, preeclampsia is one of the four categories of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, which affect 5%-10% of all pregnancies [1]. Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, as well as a major cause of adverse effects on fetal well-being both worldwide and in the US. Specifically, one third of severe maternal morbidities, 10%-15% maternal death in low-/middle- income countries and 15% of preterm birth is attributed to preeclampsia [1-3]. The diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia has been changing during the past two decades (Table 1). The most recent guidelines for hypertension during pregnancy by the American College of

And it is caused by great psychological stress. Hypertension affects the mother and child during pregnancy, and the medicine that doctors ask women to take for depression, while pregnant can increase the negative effects of hypertension. The hypertension can cause preeclampsia, which can lead to severe damage to you and your child. Once you have preeclampsia you must deliver your baby right than. Hypertension can also affect the child too, it can affect the newborn's heart, and lungs. Newborns coming outside of the womb actually have to be put on immediate care. The child you were carrying for 9 months will be put on immediate care because of the mediation you took while you were pregnant. While possibly curing the mother's depression, it can lead to other negative effects along the

As woman age, they will find that pregnancy can be extra hard on the body, causing health issues such as high blood pressure, with some woman developing preeclampsia. Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-induced hypertension disorder which affects both mother and fetus poses the real possibility of impacting renal function along with the development of HELLP syndrome. When a woman develops this HELLP syndrome they are a risk of hemolysis; the breakdown of red blood cells, elevated liver enzymes, and low plate count putting her a greater risk of complications that cause death (Preeclampsia Foundation, pg1). The only known way to cure this disorder is to deliver the baby and placenta, even if the baby is premature because not only can this kill the mother, but it has repercussions for the fetus as well. When it comes to the fetus, preeclampsia causes an inadequate nutrition supply because of the insufficiency of the placenta to regulate how the fetus gets its nutrients, which can lead to growth retardation and further heath compilations later in life (Lapidus MD,

“It is believed that HELLP syndrome affects about 0.2 to 0.6 percent of all pregnancies” (American Pregnancy Assosiation, 2016, para 1). HELLP stands for hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Although the cause to HELLP syndrome is still unkown, there are several signs and symptoms the pregnant patient and her health care provider should be aware of in order to prevent serious and life threatening consequenses to the mother and baby.

Sherry has had problems with headaches but does not have one today. Her BP is 158/83. She underwent a 24-hr urine collection which was elevated. I explained to Sherry that with a diagnosis of preeclampsia and especially

Regarding the chronic HTN, we did have a discussion with her and how this can affect the pregnancy. We did perform impedance cardiography. Her BP when she arrived was upper-normal at 132/84 but on the impedance cardiography it was normal at 117/78. Her heart rate when she arrived was 99 and for the test was 91. Impedance cardiography demonstrated that her cardiac output was normal at this time for her gestational age at about 5 ½ L/min. In addition, the TPR was normal at about 1300. Therefore, labetalol is a good choice. She states that in the late afternoon early evening she feels that her BP is going up and labetalol is better as a twice a day medication. Therefore, based on the fact that she is on a low-dose and her BP when she arrived was upper-normal we recommended that she take 100 mg b.i.d. In addition, based on the current

Diligent care is required by care providers (obstetricians, anesthesiologists, and labor & delivery nurses) for the safety of the mother and child. Risk factors for identifying PPH such as multiple deliveries, a prolonged third stage of labor, episiotomies, fetal macrosomia, and history of postpartum hemorrhaging, have been documented. Yet there are women who do not have any of the risk factors, but still hemorrhage, so the medical team should be equipped regardless of these factors for everything. Algorithms, protocols, and policies have been implemented by hospitals, but it is contingent on recognizing excessive bleeding before it becomes life threatening. According to The World Health Organization (2012), all women giving birth should be offered uterotonics during the third stage of labor to prevent PPH and IM/IV oxytocin (10 IU) is recommended as the uterotonic drug of choice. Uterine Atony is the number one cause of a majority of the cases, which can be managed with the combination of a uterine massage and medication (oxytocin, prostaglandins, and ergot alkaloids). The intrauterine balloon tamponade is another option for women who do not respond to uterotonic medications. Uterine atony is usually a result of prolonged labor, preeclampsia, or a history of PPH in a previous pregnancy. Women who have blood

Preeclampsia is the new onset of hypertension and either proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction after 20 weeks of gestation in a previously normotensive woman. Although most women develop signs of the preeclampsia in late pregnancy with gradual worsening until delivery, a few studies have reported delayed or new-onset postpartum preeclampsia in patients with no antecedent diagnosis of hypertensive disease in the current pregnancy (). Postpartum preeclampsia is defined as the presence of hypertension and proteinuria, occurring up to 4-6 weeks after delivery (yancey, filetti). While the pathophysiology of preeclampsia involves abnormal placental vasculature and altered maternal systemic endothelial function (gilbert, beckmann), postpartum preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a disease usually seen in the final trimester of pregnancy that not only affects the mother but the baby as well. This disease is characterized by high blood pressure, swelling and protein in the mother’s urine. There are many risks associated with preeclampsia for the mother such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular problems later in life. There are also risks for the fetus such as growth restriction, placental abruptions, hypoxia, and still birth. Exercise has been shown to decrease some of the effects of preeclampsia and help improve insulin sensitivity, reduce blood pressure, reduce oxidative stress, and decrease proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral circulation.

During the second half of pregnancy, the combination of the normal systemic inflammation of pregnancy and preexisting vascular inflammation may be excessive and generate the clinical features of the pre-eclampsia syndrome (Stage 3) (Redman and Sargent, 2010). If true, then this condition, on its own, would not be associated with abnormal placentation and placental perfusion, such as FGR or markers of syncytiotrophoblast stress. The view of dichotomous placental and maternal pre-eclampsia is likely simplistic. It is probable that the impact of preexisting systemic inflammation would not be confined to the end of pregnancy. For example, it is not known whether pregestational systemic inflammation (as with obesity) or insulin resistance (as with

pre-eclampsia could be defined as a problem that arises during pregnancy and is characterized by high blood pressure and with the contingency to damage some of the major organs, such as the kidneys. Preeclampsia is considered a serious condition that can lead to dangerous complications for both the patient and her baby. However, how exactly it is caused is not exactly known. Researchers suspect that it may involve problems with the blood vessel development in the fetus, which in turn causes a dysfunctional reaction in the mother’s blood vessels. Furthermore, the Guideline (2011) stresses that a pregnant woman should be assessed for pre-eclampsia at each consultation by measuring her blood pressure levels. For a more thorough overview this assessment

Summary of preeclampsia: What is preeclampisa? Preeclampsia has three main symptoms which include high blood pressure, swelling of the hands and feet, and protein in your urine (Proteinuria) which happens after the 20th week of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is a condition that happens during pregnancy and can have a more severe form in which symptoms would include nausea or vomiting, pain in the upper right abdomen, shortness of breath and blurry vision. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 11.1% of pregnancy-related deaths in the United States for 2006 and 2007 (the latest data available) resulted from "hypertensive disorders of pregnancy," including preeclampsia (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2012). Who may be

My mother stayed faithful in going to her prenatal care visits with the doctors. Everything was normal, her blood pressure and blood sugar, until we hit into the fetal stage, around the 12 week. Around there her blood pressure was high and the doctor

Mrs. Livingston needs to maintain a systolic blood pressure less than 150 mmHg, and a diastolic pressure less than 100 mmHg to prevent the risk of preeclampsia during pregnancy (Carson & Chen, 2014, p.129). For this reason, labetalol and methyldopa are the first-line drugs for pregnant women with hypertension (Carson & Chem, 2014, p. 130). For Mrs. Livingston, labetalol will replace lisinopril to control her blood pressure. Furthermore, she will tolerate labetalol better than methyldopa because of the latter’s side effects of fatigue and drug-induced lupus

The risk factors of gestational hypertension developed into preeclampsia are having past history of preeclampsia, first pregnancy, a family history of preeclampsia and some preexisting medical conditions1. Preexisting medical conditions like diabetes that related to renal or vascular disease which lead to high blood pressure and chronic kidney disease (CKD) which causes low glomerular filtration rate and subsequently lead to hypertension may develop preeclampsia. Moreover, pregnant women with twin pregnancies and maternal age may also contribute to preeclampsia3.