Preparation of P-Nitroaniline

The isosbestic point of the acid (pH6) and basic forms (pH10) of para Nitrophenol (PNP) was expected at 350nm. As you can see in figure 2, the graph shows the intersection of 2 curves at ~350nm, which is matched with the literature value. Also, the pKa of PNP was expected 7.15 at room temperature. Refer to figure 3, the pKa is estimated to be 7.15-7.2, which very close to the literature value. In addition, the lab was succeeded in illustrating the use of a spectrophotometry to analyze concentrations of chemical substance. The absorbances of 2 unknowns were felt on the standard curve as the expectation (refer to table 4). The minimum absorbance of the known standards was 0.193 and the maximum is 1.830. The absorbance of the unknown

Neutralization reactions are those that involve the reaction of an acid and a base to form water and salt. A solution with a high hydrogen ion concentration is acidic, and a solution with a high concentration of hydroxide ions is

This experiment was conducted under conditions described by Williamson, 2003. To begin, approximately 150 mg of cyclohexanone was placed into a vial. In a separate 10 x 100 mL reaction tube, 1.0 mL of HNO3 was added by pipette, along with a pre-weighed boiling chip. The reaction tube containing the nitric acid was clamped into a sand bath under the fume hood and heated at a low setting. One drop of cyclohexanone was careful added to the nitric acid. The presence of a brown oxide indicated that the reaction had begun, at which point the reaction tube was removed from the sand bath.

Chapter 5: Nitro Compounds Although the structures of touchy atoms change significantly, often, they contain a nitro gathering. This blend of one Nitrogen, and two oxygens (NO2), connected at the correct position has significantly expanded the world's capacity to take up arms. The ruinous forces of a blast originate from a stun wave caused by the extremely quick increment the volume of the nitro compound as it changes from strong or fluid into gas. This stun wave happens because gases have a greater volume than comparative measures of solids or fluids.

In this reaction, a rate-determining step should occur through the ionization between carbon and –OH bond to form an intermediate.11 This step should be followed by rapid reaction of a nucleophile to wrap up the substitution.11 For this experiment, hydrochloric acid was used to drive off the reaction, which contains a chlorine ion, a common nucleophile. (1)Chlorine ion is more effective as a nucleophile than water; because an ion holds a negative charge and resulting in a faster rate of reaction, whereas water holds a neutral charge, resulting in a slower rate of reaction with a carbocation intermediate.13 The starting

The electrophilic aromatic substitution involves the uses of acetic anhydride and phosphoric acid to create the targeted product acetylferrocene. The crude product was then to be examined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The TLC assay allows of the comparison of species based on polarity, thus showing if the reaction was successful. The crude product was then to be purified by column chromatography. The polar alumina solid phase, and mobile phase of varying polarity would allow for the separation of species found within the crude product on the basis of contrasting

Sediments are the main source of water pollution, contributing to turbidity issues as well as irregular or harmful nitrite/nitrate, phosphorus, and pH levels. This contributes to the death of marine organisms and can also change which organisms can survive in the body of water as its conditions change due to runoff. Anthropogenic runoff is also a contributor of adverse water effects, such as cultural eutrophication from fertilizer runoff, and also results in the death of aquatic animals and shifts in which organisms are more prominent in the ecosystem. This lab will address the effects soil will have on variables concerning water quality. There is also the option of including fish and/or aquatic plants in the water column, which are independent variables as well as the soil. The pH, ammonia levels, nitrite levels, temperature, D.O., and physical attributes are the dependent variables that will be measured during the lab. The qualitative physical tests (turbidity and odor) will portray the physical state and cleanliness of the water, as well as the level of runoff from the soil.

Large bubbles formed, the test tube got warmer and the liver became suspendded. The test tube also gave off a metallic scent.

Results and Discussion Synthesis of Compound 3. Scheme 1: Synthesis of Compound 3. To synthesize compound 3, an approach involving treating triptolide with dimethyl sulfide and benzoyl peroxide in acetonitirile was used (Scheme 1). This approach resulted in the formation of compound 4 with a 51% yield and in triptonide (5) with a 46% yield.

Aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. In these reactions, the aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile (an electron pair donor) and reacts with an electrophilic reagent (an electron pair acceptor) resulting in the replacement of a hydrogen on the aromatic ring with the electrophile. Due to the fact that the conjugated 6π-electron system of the aromatic ring is so stable, the carbocation intermediate loses a proton to sustain the aromatic ring rather than reacting with a nucleophile. Ring substituents strongly influence the rate and position of electrophilic attack. Electron-donating groups on the benzene ring speed up the substitution process by stabilizing the carbocation intermediate. Electron-withdrawing groups, however, slow down the aromatic substitution because formation of the carbocation intermediate is more difficult. The electron-withdrawing group withdraws electron density from a species that is already positively charged making it very electron deficient. Therefore, electron-donating groups are considered to be “activating” and electron-withdrawing groups are “deactivating”. Activating substituents direct incoming groups to either the “ortho” or “para” positions. Deactivating substituents, with the exception of the halogens, direct incoming groups to the “meta” position. The experiment described above was an example of a specific electrophilic aromatic

The reaction is between the electrolyte and negative electrode which will create a buildup of free electrons, each of which has a negative charge at the anode of the battery which is the negative terminal.

While this is reacting, it creates a gas called nitrogen dioxide. This is a gas that should not be inhaled at all. It is a very toxic gas. While adding the nitric acid to the copper, it should be done in a fume hood

The objective of Part 1 of this experimental procedure includes the isolation of a pure trimyristin from the mixture of compounds in nutmeg. The objective of Part 2 of this experimental procedure includes synthesizing myristic acid from the previously produced and collected trimyristin by hydrolysis. The myristic acid in its crude form will be recrystallized for purity. All products and compounds will then be tested for purity by taking their melting points.

In the environment where animal testing is not allowed, determining possible genotoxicity of a compound is possible with the help of the Ames test (Samiei et al. 121). The specified instrument represents a “bacterial reverse mutation assay” (Samiei et al. 121), which will ostensibly help detect a mutagenic compound. The test involves using the strains of Salmonella/E.coli. As a rule, the following strains are used to detect the presence of cancerogenic elements: “TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, TA104, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). The test is based on the concept of reverse (back) mutation. The bacteria are cultured in the presence of 2-Aminoanthracene as a supposedly mutagenic compound and without histidine. In case Salmonella/E.coli becomes capable of producing histidine and continues to proliferate, the mutagenic nature of 2-Aminoanthracene will be proven (Ruiz-Pérez et al. 6743). Since the test is known for delivering false positive results, the control tools such as TA98, TA98 and TA1538,

Abstract: This procedure demonstrates the nitration of methyl benzoate to prepare methyl m-nitrobenzoate. Methyl benzoate was treated with concentrated Nitric and Sulfuric acid to yield methyl m-nitrobenzoate. The product was then isolated and recrystallized using methanol. This reaction is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, in which the nitro group replaces a proton of the aromatic ring. Following recrystallization, melting point and infrared were used to identify and characterize the product of the reaction.