Throughout the semester Joseph Nye’s signature concepts of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ power have been analyzed amongst the backdrop of U.S. foreign relations. ‘Hard power’ is the use of “coercion i.e. military and economic means to influence the behavior of other political bodies” (Hudson). This contrasts to ‘Soft power’ which is the use of “attraction to produce desired foreign policy results [by focusing] on three key resources: culture, political values, and foreign policies” (Hudson). Through the wielding and usage of the tools of ‘soft power’ ideas about U.S. values and culture have been able to attract partners and support to Washington without the use of force and/or threat of further war and atrocity. Due to this fact it appears ‘soft power’ is more integral to influencing foreign relations, especially when considering the effects of actions such as President Woodrow Wilson’s establishment of a Committee on Public Information, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms Speech, and President Harry Truman’s support for the Marshall Plan. The first key resource of ‘soft power,’ culture, can be addressed when speaking to the establishment of the Committee on Public Information (CPI) by President Woodrow Wilson on April 13, 1917 in order to usher support for U.S. participation in World War I. Headed by George Creel, the CPI was a model of public mobilization tasked with presenting the “absolute selflessness of America’s aims,” through the use of “mass media to call upon
With the status of the country’s belligerency heavily in question, an apprehensive President Woodrow Wilson prepared to request from an unmotivated and unprepared country a declaration of war against Germany. After exerting every attempt possible to retain the peace and honor of the United States, the President was finally forced to choose between the two, in which he opted for the latter (Seymour 26). As he sat down to compose his congressional address proposing war, the uncertainty of his decision overwhelmed him. He confided to a member of his cabinet, Frank Cobb, that he had never been as unsure about anything in his life as the judgment he was making for the nation (Baker 506). Through a rhetorical analysis of Wilson’s points of
On March 4, 1933, Franklin Delano Roosevelt stood before a nation and assumed the presidency of the United States of America. He recited the entire oath of office from memory, instead of merely answering “I Do” to a list of promises he was making to the American people. American citizens who had already endured four years of the greatest economic depression the nation had ever experienced. Americans who were desperately searching for help and relief from unemployment, financial crisis, and the possibility of starvation. In his inaugural address, Roosevelt vowed to bring to America the relief Americans needed, and to restore the nation to it’s position of power in the world. He promised a New Deal. While many wanted to believe that this
Out of the many speeches given by President Woodrow Wilson regarding World War One, two in particular serve as a sort of showcase of the changing role of the United States in global politics during the early 20th century. The first is Wilson’s Address to the Senate of the United States: “A World League for Peace” (“World League”). The second is Wilson’s Address to a Joint Session of Congress on the Conditions of Peace, also known as his 14 Points. Although the themes of these speeches have similar ideals such as the quest for self-determination and multiple countries uniting to prevent aggression, the proceedings at Brest-Litovsk make 14 Points speech both a continuation and a shift from the “World League” one. Wilson’s 14 Points speech reflects the commitment of the United States to enter the war and enforce its own agenda (as well as that of the other Allies), a drastic change from its earlier neutrality.
First, we will look at aspects of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency as they pertain to issues of foreign policy and diplomacy. Famous for his “cowboy demeanor” and unwavering bravado, Roosevelt was once quoted talking about his diplomatic philosophy, noting that one should “speak softly and carry a big stick”. (Morrissey) This statement came to typify what pundits referred to as his “big stick ideology”, or a foreign policy founded in political realism, that operated on the notion of “peaceful”
The chosen document was written by former president Andrew Jackson on December 6, 1830. Andrew Jackson was a less educated political figure, he was fairly illiterate but he did make major changes to the united states. The purpose of this speech was to justify, to the American people and to congress; the removal policy already established by the Indian Removal Act of May 28, 1830. During this speech, Andrew Jackson gives his reasoning for why the Indians should be relocated. He states that the Removal Act will, “separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites; free them from the power of the States; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and under their own rude institutions..” (Jackson) This is an absurd statement, because even though relocating the Indian tribes and communities did help expand the land of the United States, this act left many of Indians without any ties to the land they were forced to move to. Just because the Indians wanted to keep their land and would do anything to defend it, didn’t mean that they were a threat to the white civilizations. Though, of course, these arguments are the exact reason why Jackson gave this speech. Throughout this document, Jackson keeps giving explanations as to why the Removal act improves both the Indian and white societies, in his point of view anyway.
Every president has a specific vision on how to influence America with their policies. Being the only president to resign from the presidency makes one wonder “what did Nixon want to accomplish as president.” During, every president’s first term, they have to figure out how to navigate the office. The inaugural speech, usually, gives the American people an idea of what the president plans to do, for America. As president, Nixon accomplished many things and strived to fulfil the promises in his inaugural speech.
The second term for President Franklin D. Roosevelt is very important for various reasons. One of them is that historically it was the first inauguration to be celebrated in January instead of March as previous presidential inaugurations. Secondary, this speech reminded people the New Deal intentions and accomplishments. Also, to underline the progress coming up and priorities in the second term of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
President Woodrow Wilson’s “War Message” addresses the momentous event of breaking neutrality and declaring war on the German government. Wilson explains that America can no longer remain stagnant. He calls his audience to action, through a tactical combination of both structured logic and emotional inclusion. Wilson begins his deduction with several points, starting with the details of the submarine warfare and the “wholesale destruction of men, women, and children” endured not only by the American people but various other countries (2). Wilson asserts that neutrality is no longer possible since peace and the freedom of the individuals of the world were under a direct threat (5). He reassures the audience that although his intentions were the same and he fully intended on keeping the American people safe, avoiding the war and remaining uninvolved was no longer a reality (4).
On April 2, 1917, President Wilson wrote and spoke one of his famous speech: War Message. President Wilson wants to ensure the people 's hope and faith from the war. As President Wilson (1917) stated in his speech "Each nation must decide for itself how it will meet it... Our motive will not be revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but only the vindication of right, of human right, of which we are only a single champion."was to fix the issue the nation was in. President Wilson wants to show the people that we need to get involved war for the loss of many American lives that Germany took. Wilson persuades to Congress to go to war. President Wilson shows his persuasion effectively by using rhetorical strategies. Each strategy he used gave more persuasion to Congress to declare war on Germany. All the persuasion he used to convince Congress was put in his famous speech War Message.
Woodrow Wilson’s speech” War Message to Congress” describes the United Sates entry into World War 1, and the greatest threat to freedom in the entire world. Wilson considers the greatest threat to freedom in the world is an autocratic government. Autocratic is referring to someone who is in complete power, which in the case he was talking about the government of the German people. Wilson said,” The menace to peace and freedom lies in the existence of autocratic governments backed by organized force which is controlled wholly by their will, not by the will of their people” (Wilson 1). He is saying that the problem does not lie with the Germen people, but the autocratic government. The citizens of Germany have no say in what their government decides. Wilson is extremely hesitant to enter the war, but after Germany attacking ships with American citizens on them, he has no choice but to declare war on them. Since Wilson sees the autocratic government being the greatest threat to freedom, his intentions of the
After its creation by the Wilson administration in April of 1917, the Committee on Public Information had two main goals. First, they were tasked to explain to both American citizens and the world why America had chosen to take part in World War I. As director George Creel stated, the CPI clarified “the cause that compelled America to take arms in defense of its liberties and free institutions” (Foner 727). Second, the Committee on Public Information aimed to reshape the public’s opinions on the government’s involvement in the war. In doing so, the CPI could also change the public’s habits and create their beliefs. In order to meet their goals, the Committee on Public Information used propaganda such as pamphlets, posters, newspaper advertisements,
in which he opted for the latter (Seymour 26). As he sat down to compose
Woodrow Wilson was the first Southerner to be elected president after the Civil War. Born on December 28, 1856 in Staunton, Va., he was the son of a Presbyterian minister who supported the Confederates. Wilson assumed the presidency after a whirlwind career as a college professor, university president and New Jersey governor. However, Wilson left the Oval Office just as heartbroken as the Confederate soldiers that returned home when he was a boy.
Woodrow Wilson’s presidency was by many accounts one of the most successful in American history. Not only did his domestic affairs and reform policies give birth to the modern age of liberalism but his foreign policies would lead the United States to victory in World War I. This would in turn contribute to the United States involvement in world affairs.
He explains that there was a large spike of European anti-American sentiment, and this hurt the US’ soft power since more people disliked America (Nye). Although the exact drop in soft power is not quantified in the book, it’s clear that since the British were invading out of their own interests, and America impeded this, the influx in anti-Americanism was substantial. This event clearly illustrates how a militaristic, or hard power based, operation can have repercussions that damage soft power. It, also, shows how soft power can be harmed when opposing another country's action that is highly supported by said country's people. Now, this isn't to imply the U.S. should cease all future overseas military operations in order to please every party, this is fundamentally unattainable and unrealistic. But, simply doing these highly impactful actions, with complete disregard for the future impacts is needs to end, in order to preserve America’s already declining soft power, which the following paragraph