Problem-Oriented Policing Research Paper

Reactive policing is the response of the police to individual or group aid throughout the community. It is usually referred to as an immediate response to calls as well as follow-up investigations. Proactive policing involves the action of police to obtain information about crime in a community and develop strategies to combat it. The suppression of crime rather than the response to crime is what separates reactive policing from proactive policing.

Problem oriented policing came to light by Herman Goldstein, who wrote the book Problem Oriented Policing in the 1970s (Oliver, 2007). The concept was fairly simple and Herman Goldstein indicated that there was limited research prior to the 1970s in reference to policing (Oliver, 2007). Herman Goldstein indicated that police have been susceptible to the “means over ends” syndrome, and police were focusing their efforts on organization and operating methods rather than the outcome of their work (Goldstein, 1979). Furthermore, this paradigm was fueled by the professional movement within the police organizations, and affected staffing, management, and the organization of police agencies (Goldstein, 1979). Basically police officers needed to realize that there was a greater return on their investment

In the last three decades, several concepts have been advanced to organize efforts to improve policing. Among them have been team policing, neighborhood policing, community policing, zero-tolerance policing and problem-oriented policing. Herman Goldstein was the first to propose problem-oriented policing in 1979. Problem-oriented policing is a policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems, in order to develop effective response strategies in conjunction with ongoing assessment. The emphasis in problem-oriented policing is on directing attention to the broad range of problems the community expects the police to handle–the problems that constitute the business of the police and on

Hopeful in this paper will give the strengths and weakness, when, why and who started SARA Model, Problem-Oriented Policing and Community- Oriented Policing. These are methods that will be use throughout the law enforcement filed. And know the key components and how to use them will beneficial to you as you progress in your file of chose with the law enforcement filed.

Policing and the way they operate are truly similar as if they are hand in hand with one another. In order for operations to run smoothly and the department to be functioning as one there has to be proper training and care from the supervisors, administrators and from everyone who works together to understand that they’re a team. Everyone in the police department has to work together instead of against one another just to make sure everyone is doing their jobs by the books with no room for errors.

The biggest issue that effects policing is technology. Technology is at a rise and growing at an incredible rate. Technology advancement gives criminals a whole new way or an easier way to commit crimes. Eventually technology is going to take away jobs from our police officers and other individuals working in law enforcement. We are no longer going to need police officers out on patrol monitoring traffic, we have high speed cameras to detect incident detection, and vehicle counting, traffic flow monitoring and even people who violate traffic laws like speeding, running red lights and stop signs.

Since the September 11, 2001, law enforcement agencies across the nation recognized the need to integrate intelligence into their current community policing approach. When intelligence is available, decision-making is more effective and efficient. Intelligence enables law enforcement agencies to implement policies and procedures necessary to combat the concerns of the community.

When looking at the Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) website we see that it provides information to law enforcement departments around the country giving them information on how to deal with a significant amount of community problems (Problem-Oriented Policing, 2017). The website of POP shows in details community issues such as vandalism, street prostitution, and domestic violence for law enforcement departments to gain ideas how they can be addressed. There have been large numbers of police departments that have taken advantage of the enormous amount of resources provided to them by the POP two such departments the Oakland Police Department in Los Angeles, and the other being Lindgate Police Department in Nevada (Calgues, 2015).

So far, there is no agreed-upon term to describe the precipitous drop in low-level policing by New York law enforcement, a two-week undeclared protest against a mayor many cops believe does not show them due respect. Much coverage has called it a “virtual work stoppage,” a label assigned by the New York Post, where data about the decline in arrests and ticketing was first published – though the term, when deployed in other publications, tends to remain in quotes. Police Commissioner William Bratton has quibbled about terminology, too: “I haven’t used the word ‘slowdown,’” he said. “If that’s what it is, we’ll call it that and deal with it accordingly. We’re not in a public-safety crisis in any shape of the word,” he said.

Being a police officer in general is difficult in this day and age, any slight amount of support would benefit greatly. Proactive policing strategies is exactly the type of assistance that law enforcement need. Proactive policing is a practice in place in order to help deter criminal activity. This is done by showing a police presence in communities preventing a crime from take place, it aids in maintain order, and gives people the sense of safety. Our book, Criminal Justice in America, explains why this type of police work is beneficial “Because they are mainly reactive, the police usually arrive at the scene only after the crime has been committed and the perpetrator has fled” ((Cole et al., 2016. P. 155).

Problem oriented policing is a method of policing designed to focus on areas of increased criminal activity or hot spots. This method is executed by analyzing crime data, searching for solutions, implementing policies, and deploying resources which results in a reduction of crime. Herman Goldstein, a professor at University of Wisconsin- Madison, developed this method in 1979. This method of policing is one of the most widely used and accepted techniques used in policing today (Weisburb, Telep, Hinckle, and Eck, 2010).

Community oriented policing is a working partnership between the police and the community, in which the community must play an active role against crime and disorder. Community oriented policing is a long term process that holds the views of the community members at a higher status than traditional models. With police officers being more proactive this causes a fundamental institutional change in the whole department. Problem oriented policing uses proactive police techniques while using the COP philosophy by examining the causes for recurring incidents. Problem oriented policing often causes officers and departments to think outside the box with its four stage problem solving process. Community oriented policing and problem oriented policing

Learning about the four stages in the SARA Model has helped me to expend my knowledge regarding to this subject. The method SARA Model is used when doing problem-solving policing. SARA has four stages which include Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment. Even though SARA is not the only way to approach problem-solving, officers find this method helpful to address any type of crime or disorder problem.

Approaches of both community policing and traditional policing models differ in a variety of ways. The characteristics of the policing models are quite different from each other, and community based policing was considered laughable when suggested for the new approach in the early 1970s. Due to community policing’s new operating beliefs, new and unfamiliar expected officer behaviors, and that officers were being held legally responsible for their actions and inactions; the idea and implementation wasn’t widely accepted until 1980’s. Traditional policing was primarily dominated by rampant corruption and lawlessness that affected all levels of the police administration; therefore citizens had little trust if any, in the police officers of the time.

There are many different types of policing; proactive policing, reactive policing, community policing, Neighbourhood policing, intelligence-led policing and zero-tolerance policing. In this essay, the two main models of policing that are going to be compared and contrasted are proactive and reactive. In spite of this, all the other models of policing are going to be discussed and how proactive and reactive policing has led to more types forming. However, the question is-what is policing? What are there aims? How did the idea come about? Well; ‘Policing is aimed at securing social order, but its effectiveness is always debatable. Policing does not encompass all activities directed at achieving social order. What is specific to policing is the creation of a system of surveillance coupled with the threat of sanctions for discovered deviance–either immediately or by initiating penal processes.’ Reiner, (2010:5). Reiner has discussed that the whole idea of policing was to regulate behaviours within society. This shows that the term ‘policing’ can be defined in two different ways. Formal: a government force which is used to uphold social order and regulate behaviours within society e.g. the police. Another is informal: a force that is not controlled by the government but is by society, or certain groups e.g. Headmaster, School teacher, Community leader, head of the family... Metropolitan police (1829) were the first ‘formal’ police ever created in Britain and was run by Home