Propagation Path Transmission Model

When I was younger, I went on trips to Florida. I always wondered why the radio would stop working in some places and how radio stations could sometimes collide with each other. This chapter explained why collisions of waves occurred and why the radio strength would decrease the farther out you

All vehicles transmit a 200-byte safety message at 10Hz with data rate of 6 Mbps. All vehicles attempt to continuously route 64-byte packets at an application rate of 2.048 Kbps to one of 10 other vehicles, selected as sink vehicles. The antenna height AHk of each vehicle is 1.5m. Transmit power is set to 10 dBm and the transmission range for safety message packet delivery is 145 m. For each experiment PCAP trace file per node is enabled. The routing statistics are gathered and compared for each experiment, i-e, with NS2 mobility trace file and with PySNS3. The simulation parameters for performance evaluation of PySNS3 are shown in Table III. In order to calculate packet delivery ratio (PDR), we must count; i) the packets that are actually received, and ii) the transmitted packets that are expected to be received. Both are relative to a specified (circular) coverage area shown in Fig. 6. Let's assume that the transmission range of vehicle A, is in meters, such that TRA > dAB. Where, dAB is distance between A and B, and dBC is the distance between B and

We have simulated another network having 30 numbers of nodes. The simulation is made using the same platform used for network 1. This simulation is done taking node 1 as a source and node 28 as destination. The optimal path obtained in this simulation is 1-23-13-28, in which data rate is 0.47 kbps. The second optimal path is 1-17-28, in which data rate is 0.35 kbps. The simulated results are summarized here in

Give 2 reasons why circular water waves decrease in amplitude as they travel away from the source?

Pick an example of radar and explain how it works using at least one diagram or picture. [5 marks]

When a wave crosses a surface at an angle from one medium into another, why does it change directions as it moves across the boundary into the new medium? Use 3 – 4 complete sentences in your own words to explain.

The idea of the multipath model is a way for mental health professionals to take in the key point information of their analysis of the situation. My analysis of the multipath model is that it’s ingenious because it acts as blue print on finding the specific underlying issues that point to mental health disorder. According to (Sue et al. 2014, p.30) the multipath model is “a model of models that provides an organizational framework for understanding the numerous causes of mental disorders, the complexity of their interacting components, and the need to view disorders from a holistic framework.” The multipath model is important for mental health professionals because it allows a way for them to place individuals within a certain criteria. If we take in to consideration the countless number of mental illnesses that plague society, the multipath model can help us better understand what mental illness individuals are suffering. The multipath model is a excellent stating point to trying to finding an diagnosis. . According to (Sue et al. 2014, p.30) the multipath model is “integrative and interactive. It acknowledges that factors may combine in complex and reciprocal ways so that people exposed to the same factors may not develop the same disorder and that different individuals exposed to different factors may develop similar mental disorders.” As we realize how the multipath model works mental health professionals can better assess the situation and come up with a diagnosis that

The travelling-wave fMRI measurement clearly reveal the human visual areas i.e. V1, V2 and V3 in the occipital lobe (Engel et al., 1997; Sereno et al., 1995). The visual areas in the left hemisphere contains a topographic map of the right half of the visual field, with the fovea being represented at the back of the occipital lobe, increasingly eccentric retinal regions being represented at more forward locations within the calcarine sulcus. Moreover, the lower visual field projects to the upper bank of the calcarine sulcus, and the upper visual field to the lower bank, to provide a full topographic map of the right visual field. These maps are repeated, with variants, in areas V2 and V3. Primary visual cortex (V1), which receives direct input from retinogeniculate pathways, occupies calcarine cortex and represents as a hemifield of visual space.

Since human’s vision do not have the ability to see though any physical objects, the invention of sound wave allows to

Sound is a wave, and a wave can be remembered as a medium, carrying energy from one point to another. The sound wave has a resemblance of a slinky in its nature, for many reasons. The disturbance goes from one place to another, carried by the medium. Typically, the medium will carry energy through the air, although it could be any substance like water and steel. There is an original source of the wave; anything from someone’s vibrating vocal chords, or a tuning fork. Then, the sound is transported through the medium through particle-to-particle interaction. If the sound wave is moving through the

It’s very important to determine the device and application requirements based on bandwidth, protocols and frequency. In wireless network, bandwidth, protocols and sometime environmental conditions affect the speed of the channel so we need to calculate the aggregate throughputs before designing the network. Today, users carry Wi-Fi devices such as notebooks, laptops, tablets and Smartphone’s so total throughput must be calculated by estimating number of connections rather than the number of the seats. Some common wireless networking standards such as 802.11a/b/g/n invented in the IEEE association must be supported by wireless network. For better performance and for faster devices (802.11n devices), dual-ratio access points should be deployed. Table1 [3] illustrate the different IEEE standards and throughput.

Providing an internet access to passengers with high quality of service (QoS) is a key role in attracting more travellers [3]. Wireless communication systems to provide internet access for HSR are facing a lot of challenges such as, time varying and frequency selective fading due to multipath propagation and Doppler shift effect [4], a high penetration loss of 10-40 dB depending on the type of train and the angle of incidence resulting in spotty coverage and dropped calls [5], frequent handover due to the train high motion velocity will result in an increase in the drop off rates, degrading the overall system throughput also group handover caused by the simultaneous handover where hundreds of devices in the same train will request to handoff at the same time, causing a huge burden at the base station (BS) in terms of processing and resources. Moreover, an HSR propagation channel includes multiple terrains and scenarios such as urban, suburban, rural, plains, viaduct, tunnels, cuttings and stations [6], this variety found to cause a deep fade so we need to be familiar with those propagation conditions and channel fading of HSR to achieve high data

CE 1.21 I created a virtual RF environment using an RF modelling tool called AirMagnet planner. I installed a single AP in the location site and simulated different virtual APs on the floor

The propagation of data is accomplished by conducting energy in the form of electromagnetic waves called signals. Depending on the source and the devices that operate in the communication channels, analog and digital are the two types of signals transmitted to the receiver. Signals travel along different types of media including copper wire, fiber optics, and space. (Cao, n.d.).

evolved from ground penetrating radar systems applied to walls and many applications since 1990’s have been developed to sense beyond a wall from near range. These approaches revolve around basic wave physics to form matched filters for each and every single point in target space. Only Doppler processing is not sufficient since imaging of building contents requires 2-D & 3-D systems. So a concept knows as “multilateration” is used. This uses the fact that the possible locus of a point(transmitter) in