Pros And Cons Of Fertilization

Let us first take into consideration and calculate the patient’s pleasure versus pain. With a prognosis of six months, the patient must be in a current state of pain and insecurity emotionally and/or physically. On one hand, there could be a possibility that the patient could experience pain in saying goodbye to loved ones. On the other hand, the pleasure the patient will feel from the security of knowing all pain ceases after death can be noted as a higher pleasure. In addition, the patient will experience happiness knowing their autonomy is the sole administrator of death, thus being able to experience the security of patient autonomy. Consequently, the patient would experience an overall pleasure from the role patient assisted

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was a Swiss-born psychiatrist who spent two years of her professional career gathering information from terminally ill patients to create the premise for On Death and Dying. “It is not meant to be a textbook on how to manage dying patients, nor is it intended as a complete study of the psychology of dying.” (Kübler-Ross, 1969). This book was written as a call-to-action; to raise awareness of the voice of the dying. Not only is there stigma surrounding the topic, but also numerous misconceptions concerning the emotional journey of the terminally ill. The Kübler-Ross Model creates a framework for those interacting with dying persons, to help caretakers better understand the transitions that are taking place, resulting in higher-quality care. This model is comprised of five stages, which can be experienced in a variety of combinations. Prior to the first stage, the patient must be delivered the news of their illness or the severity of their illness, which usually results in shock. Denial is the first stage noted by Kübler-Ross. Denial and isolation are normal responses to overwhelming emotions and serve as a temporary response until the individual is ready to accept reality. Although this defense mechanism is normative, it is important to note that it isn’t necessarily healthy, and that some never move past this stage. As reality sets in, pain beings to emerge and manifests itself in the next stage: anger. Rationality takes a

The process behind reproduction has been taken for granted since the time of Gregor Mendel. “The two ‘gametes’ (female egg and male sperm) combine to form a one-celled embryo (technically known as a zygote), which divides and divides again in careful choreography to form an embryo, which grows and unfolds to become a facsimile, or near facsimile, of its parents, combining features of both” (Tudge, 51). InVitro fertilization then becomes the basics of combining egg and sperm, a concept that would be understood by those of Mendel’s time. As the technology advances and the controversy develops, the question of whether there is an ethical distinction between preventing genetic diseases and enhancing traits comes to the discretion of the public.

There are a number of different techniques used to assist reproduction however the most common of which is In-vitro Fertilisation (IVF). It was originally developed to treat infertility caused by damaged or blocked fallopian tubes however, it has since become the starting point for screening embryos for genetic disorders in typically fertile couples. The IVF process requires the woman to undergo ovarian stimulation in which ‘fertility drugs’ are taken to stimulate the maturation of multiple eggs (6-10 eggs) as opposed to just one. Once the eggs have matured and ready for collection a needle is inserted through the vagina and with the assistance of ultrasound the eggs are delicately removed. The next stage is where fertilisation takes place. Within 6 hours the embryologists prepare the partner 's sperms and adds this to the eggs which are left for a further 14-18 hours to incubate. The following morning the eggs are examined for signs of fertilisation and the successful ones are cultured for another 3-5 days. Most laboratories transfer

Human embryos that could potentially act as a ‘savior sibling’ to their future brother or sister can be chosen by doctors with the use of tissue typing and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). The use of these methods to conceive a child that could benefit a sick sibling is generally justified as long as there is also a benefit for the new child. In this paper, the question that is addressed is whether or not the creation of ‘savior siblings’ is morally right or ethical. The pros and cons are considered along with the strengths and weaknesses of each. The many concerns and arguments that exist against this creation do not represent sufficient grounds to ban the use of these methods to save the life of a sibling or loved one. The general

Terminal illness is an incurable disease that cannot be effectively treated and is plausibly expected to result in the death of a person within a short period of time. When someone is terminally ill, they are said to be “actively dying.” This brings about an entire different set of emotional and mental states of mind. Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, a Swiss-American psychiatrist and forerunner in near-death studies, wrote a book titled On Death and Dying where she explains that once someone knows death is close at hand, they go through several distinct psychological stages in response. After she studied hundreds of terminally ill patients and conducting interviews and studies with them, she came up with five stages of psychological responses to dying. They include in this order: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.

In order for a couple to become pregnant she must release an egg from one of her ovaries and a male sperm must join the egg. After the two meet the fertilized egg must travel through a fallopian tube and attach itself to a women uterus. When this process does not happen the infertility doctor will begin to proceed with a semen analysis on the male

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, medical technology has advanced enough to provide certain measures to keep the body "alive," but not necessarily the brain or the cognitive functions that make up quality of life. Despite the fact that death is a cyclical part of life, humans still have a very difficult time dealing with issues surrounding terminal illness: hospice, do not resuscitate, costs for survival, euthanasia, and conversations about end of life planning.

The response to a euthanasia request would make the patient realize the value placed on his existence. This might result to anxiety, depression, fatigue, and confusion for the caregivers. If a caregiver agrees to the patient’s request, this might trigger a feeling of worthlessness for the patient. If the caregiver show signs of indecision might relieve signs of hopelessness for the patient. It is difficult to make distinction of whose emotions are being projected in decisions being made.

Sometimes, couples who want to produce offspring find out that they will have serious difficulty conceiving or that there is a high chance that their future child will have a genetic disorder. In these scenarios, a new kind of technology has been developed called in vitro fertilization. When this is done, a female’s non-fertilized eggs are surgically removed and placed in a culture dish along with a male’s sperm cells. During this process, hopefully the eggs will be fertilized and become embryos. These embryos are tested using pre-implantation genetic diagnosis to examine which ones do not have the genetic disorder that could be passed down. When the embryos develop to the 8-cell stage, several healthy ones are chosen to be implanted into the

Baby in mind? Two methods in fertilization are In Vitro Fertilization and Natural Fertilization. Couples trying to start a family may have limited options to choose from. In Vitro Fertilization method has many differences when being compared to Natural Conception.

The medical profession, however, saw death as a failure and doctors frequently chose to avoid dealing with a patient who would soon die. As a result, patients were, and still are, heavily medicated, permitting them to slip away, unknowingly or “snowed out”(Williams 112), the complete opposite of the medieval period when men and women prepared themselves, made their peace, and then welcomed death. But by 1985, an estimated eighty- percent of those who died did so in a hospital or a nursing home, under the care of strangers. In addition, these strangers have been taught in their medical education that their job is to fend off death. So they perform their duties under the growing fear that if every effort is not made to postpone death they have failed and may be sued for a “mercy killing” (Knopf 8). Today death is often correlated with seriously ill or aging patients and physicians and other health care workers all over the world are receiving training to deal with death, hospice care is taking death out of the hospital and bringing it back to the home. Even though many still want to follow the traditional way in dealing with death, family, friends and health officials should be able to handle the situation in accordance with the best interest of the terminally ill patient.

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a form of assisted reproduction where the eggs from the woman are extracted under anaesthetic and placed in a culture dish with thousands of sperm, allowing the process of fertilisation to take place outside the body. The resulting embryos are grown in the laboratory over 2 – 5 days before being transferred back into the woman’s uterus increasing the chance that a pregnancy will occur.

When a family member dies due to using euthanasia, the affected family members will suffer less grief than a member to die from natural causes. A study shows that family members will suffer less trauma if the patient dies from euthanasia than having a family member die from natural causes. Some explanations on why euthanasia causes less grief to the bereaved family is because when a terminally ill patient wants to use euthanasia, the affected family members and friends have a chance to say their goodbyes to the patient that is still fully aware and they can be more prepared for the day that the patient dies. A study was conducted using a questionnaire and was sent to participants willing to answer them. The questionnaire had questions about coping with grief, post-traumatic stress reactions and the person’s general well being when someone they know dies. “The bereaved family and friends of cancer patients who died by euthanasia coped better with respect to grief symptoms and post-traumatic stress reactions than the bereaved of comparable cancer patients who died a natural death.” The results showed that although people can cope better with using euthanasia than someone dying of natural causes, the difference between the two weren’t statistically

Another type of artificial fertilization is in vitro fertilizations. This is a fascinating topic not only in the way that it is done, but also because of the reasoning behind why it is done. The term in vitro means in glass (class discussion). The process of in vitro fertilizations is long and can put strains on the so to be mother. There are several steps involved with created a test tube baby. First the mother to be has to have an injection of a drug to suppress the natural menstrual cycle (Nordqvist 2016). After that fertility drugs are administered into the woman this will make the ovaries produce more eggs than normal (Nordqvist 2016). The eggs are then removed from the mother and put into a petri dish (Nordqvist 2016). Then the egg will be combined with the sperm from the male and kept in an environmentally controlled place (Nordqvist 2016). The woman is given progesterone to help the lining of the womb receive the fertilized egg (Nordqvist 2016). The best two eggs are selected and placed inside the mother surgically (Nordqvist 2016). From there the mother will carry out the pregnancy as a normal mother would. There are several different reasons for getting this procedure done and some of them might be considered more ethical than others. Also there is a relatively high rate of success for have a child through in vitro fertilization in comparison from those who are infertile and cannot have a child at all. The graph to the above indicates that there are still some