Prostate Cancer : A Low Level Of Testosterone

Testosterone belongs to a class of male hormones called androgens that is vital for sexual and reproductive development. The National Institutes of Health regards “testosterone as the most important male hormone”(Rettner). Although the primary role of testosterone directly relates to males, women also produce testosterone at lower levels. Women’s total levels are about a “tenth to a twentieth of men’s levels”(Rettner). According to the Mayo Clinic, this hormone plays a role in sex drive, sperm production, fat distribution, red cell production, and maintenance of muscle strength and

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the commonest malignancy tumour in men and is second in cancer related death after lung cancer. PCa is mainly adenocarcinomas originating from the cortex of the gland (D’Elia et al. 2014).

Originally, anabolic steroids were created as a gerontological drug that could be used for older patients who were mainly bedridden to keep up their lean body mass, being that they had a lack of appetite, and did not exercise (Dobbins, B. 1996). The developments of anabolic steroids were used to enhance the anabolic effect without having the androgenic aspect; masculinization, due to the fact that it led to other unwanted effects. The unwanted effects are prostate hypertrophy and male pattern baldness. During the research project, a powerful oral steroid called Dianabol was given to a few patients. However, over time, many of those patients reported that this steroid caused negative side effects, such as liver damage (Dobbins, B. 1996). There are significant dangers that have to be considered before using anabolic

MacLean et al. (2015) addresses the efficacy for the GnRH antagonist TAK-385, based on a three-part, placebo-controlled study. The study examined (n=176) healthy UK males, with the age range of 19 to 75 years old. The first part included the dose of TAK-385 20-mg tablets or a placebo. The 14-day part two included the daily dose of TAK-385 20-mg tablets or a placebo. The 28-day part three included the daily dose of TAK-385 20- or 80-mg or a placebo. In part 1, luteinizing hormone (LH) levels decreased, as well as serum testosterone levels. In part 2, with doses of at least 40 mg/d, LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels decreased and after multiple doses the mean testosterone levels dropped below the threshold for medical castration. In part 3, serum testosterone levels dropped most rapidly and medical castration was achieved. Doses greater than 80 mg/d of TAK-385 reduced the serum testosterone levels below castration levels. Conclusively, GnRH is a valid option for testosterone suppression and ultimately serves as an effective prostate cancer hormone therapy treatment.

Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer diagnosed in men around the world today. Despite years of research, little is known as to the exact cause of prostate cancer, making it an area of intense research in medicine today. The pathology of prostate cancer has yielded important information on prevention, diagnosis and treatment methods. It has been understood that diet has much to do with tumour growth, and new research into nutrition is revealing new strategies in prostate cancer prevention. Genetics also play an important factor and must be taken into consideration. A number of new treatments for prostate cancer have been successfully implemented. Since prostate cancer is most common in men 50 and older, it is for the

Many male taking steroids may experience in shrinking of their testicles leading to reduced sperm count and infertility, baldness, development of male breast and in many cases increased rate of prostate cancer. Whereas women taking steroids may experience facial hair growth, changes in menstrual cycle, enlargement of clitoris and deepened voice. People using steroids while their adolescents have a high risk of permanent growth halt permanently through premature skeletal maturation and accelerated puberty

The case study and randomized control study on administering testosterone to young males showed harmful effects of TRT effectively but the sample size (n = 28) was too small to generalize the data. In addition, dividing samples into different ethnicity could be more effective since genetic components influence the average testosterone level. The cohort study using biopsy showed relationship of TRT and prostate cancer. Measuring PSA using biopsy displays progression of TRT and prostate cancer. The randomized study showed positive effect of TRT on hypogonadism. The study was done in 6 years with large sample size to show long-term effect of TRT. Different methods of studies are used to show effects and relationship of TRT on hypogonadism and prostate cancer. The results from different methods limited analyzing and comparing the effects and

Whether we diagnose with a disease or illness were uncontrollable and prostate cancer is one of them that does not have a treatment. However, there are ways we could found out whether we had prostate cancer or not by detecting through scanning. The early detection includes the Prostate- Specific Antigen (PSA) and Digital Recital Exam (DRE). Equally, early screening can help us to find out the abnormal size of the gland and easily to cure when we know the size. People who had prostate cancer can still live at a really high live span through early detection and taking care of the prostate cancer throughout the years. In addition, the Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) is a scanning to see if the cells in the prostate gland and did the gland healthy or not. That size should be less than 4 nomograms per milliliters (ng/ml) in their blood to be consider healthy. However, there are a lot of reports about the Prostate-Specific Antigen is not effective and may cause harm due to the controversial surrounding of what it caused. According to a report in The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), it states that “… because most prostate cancer will never cause harm, PSA screening considerably increases the risk of receiving a diagnosis of prostate cancer, leading to treatment morbidity among men, with no possibility of benefit” (Hayes, 2014). Since most of the PSA treatment were not 1000 % accurate and sometimes it may lead to fake results. Therefore, the chance of causing more harms due to the results not reliable and the report shows not a significant heal rate in the PSA treatments. So, the benefits of early screening in PSA did not help men in later age who diagnosed with prostate

The objective of this paper was to find a correlation between elevated levels of testosterone and prostate cancer. The rationale behind evaluating high levels of testosterone and prostate cancer is testosterone is necessary for the development of the prostate. Elevated levels are needed for adolescent males can form their reproductive system, in which the prostate is included. In addition, testosterone is important in the formation of the adrenal gland because testosterone, being an androgen itself, is made it the adrenal gland after puberty. Therefore, some scientists and researchers believe that there is a direct correlation between higher levels of testosterone and prostate cancer. Although the intention of this paper is to focus on increased

Cancer begins when cells start to grow uncontrollably. Prostate cancer occurs in a male’s prostate gland (a small walnut shaped gland that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm) (Mayoclinic.org, 2015). Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men (Mayoclinic.org, 2015). There are 4 types of prostate cancer such as sarcomas, small cell carcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors and transitional cell carcinoma. Most prostate cancer is considered to be adenocarcinomas due to the cancer developing from the gland cells (American Cancer Society.org, 2016).

Estrogen treatment: Estrogen-related drugs are sometimes used in hormonal therapy of men with prostate cancer. This treatment may cause a slight increase in breast cancer risk. However, this risk is small compared with the benefits of this treatment in slowing the growth of prostate cancer. Men taking high doses of

Prostate cancer is a common illness among men in the United States and around the world. Authors Elaine N. Marieb and Katja

Oral administration of tebuconazole caused a significant (P ≤ 0.01) decrease in the weight of testes, epididymis and seminal vesicles at the duration of 15 days and highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) decrease in the weight of testes, epididymis and seminal vesicles in 30 and 45 days at the dose of 250 mg/kg bwt/ day in the experimental rats. However, tebuconazole showed a non significant decrease in the weight of ventral prostate at the duration of 15 days wherever a significant (P ≤ 0.01) and highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) decrease was observed at the duration of 30 and 45 days (Table 1.1).

Perhaps the most consistent phenomenon in the history of science is that pioneers invariably experience rejection, scorn, and worse dished out by their contemporaries. According to Einstein: "If an idea does sound impossible or crazy in the beginning it isn 't worth anything". It is very easy to think that all major medical diseases that afflict human beings have been identified and are being treated in appropriate ways. It would be unsettling to learn there might be a little known disease that affects virtually all people at some point in their lives that prove to be one of the worst if not the worst disease to afflict human beings. The impossibly crazy idea is that current research indicates that testosterone deficiency (aka low T) warrants consideration for 'worst disease ' status. Testosterone deficiency affects essentially everyone of both sexes as they age. It weakens and debilitates our ability to function, and robs us of the energy and ability to enjoy our lives. It has an intimate relationship with such serious health problems as dementia, virtually every form of cardiovascular disease, many types of cancer, osteoporosis, type II diabetes, and depression to name just a few. It erodes our sexuality until it 's non-existent. It appears that this disease will ultimately affect the health of virtually every human being who lives beyond the age of 30. The most conservative studies suggest that nearly 40 % of all men over 40 have medically significant lowered levels of

Prostate cancer and hormone treatment to control this disease means to deprive the cancerous cells of testosterone either by the use of medications or by surgical removal of