Genetic And Environmental Factors Of Prostate Cancer

But there are a substantial number of factors that also go along with the increased risk for DM and CVD among AAW. For instance, one subject not yet touched on but has to be noted, are genetic variations that have been found in AAs that are not prevalent in any other race/ ethnicity. These genetic findings may also be a part of the reason as to why AAW seem to have a much higher risk in for DM and CVD in comparison to other women in other ethnicities or races

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer share a few similarities, elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Along with enlargement of prostate gland that causes urinary symptoms such as, frequent urination, hesitancy, dribbling, and frequent nighttime urination. However, they are quite different which is why more tests need to be done to confirm one or the other condition. These two diseases are also similar in the fact that they both cause an enlargement of the prostate. However with BPH the central portion of the prostate is enlarged and with prostate cancer more commonly the lateral lobes or side of the prostate are enlarged, but can affect any were on the prostate. Both can even be detected by a digital rectal exam however

known risk factor is advanced maternal age-at age 35, a woman has 1 chance in

For example, age is the biggest factor. We all know that as men age and get older they run a higher chance of their prostate enlarging and developing cancer. Family history and race are also the other two big ones. If people in your immediate family have had the cancer, then you run a higher risk of contraction because you’re already genetically predisposed to getting prostate cancer. Also, African American men are more likely to be diagnosed with the cancer, with white and Hispanic men following behind. According to the CDC, from the years 1999-2013, black men had higher mortality and contraction rates than men of other races and ethnicities.1 Hormones are also a risk factor; should the male be producing a lot of testosterone could put him at risk.

In the case for PSA screening, PCa is the leading internal malignancy in US men and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Early detection of prostate cancers offers the best chance of cure. The PSA blood test is the best chance of cure. Currently, the PSA blood test is the best currently available way to detect PCa and it is easy, safe and inexpensive. PSA test results is a piece of information, it is what doctors do with the information that becomes the issue. However, the great majority of PSA detected tumors have the histologic characteristics of clinically important cancers. Also, PSA detection has found tumors early advancing the diagnosis by Seeral years (5-13) and prostate cancer mortality rates in U.S have decreased by 4% (patho book) since 1992, which is 5 years after initiation of prostate screenings. The dilemma is over treating the clinically unimportant disease versus under

The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that lies below the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra. Along with the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland produces a fluid, called prostatic fluid, that contains, protects, nourishes, and supports the sperm. The white, sticky fluid originally from the prostate forms most of the volume of the semen. The prostate has no known function other than reproduction.

Prostate cancer is considered as the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men, in the U. S and most cases of prostate cancer have a good prognosis. Some of these cases can be aggressive and the death-rate is assessed to be 2.8%. The Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is used for screening for prostate cancer, to aid early detection and treatment.

The prostate is a walnut sized and shaped gland that is wrapped around the urethra, the tube that connects the bladder to the penis and carries the urine

Unlike many other cancers and serious health problems, prostate cancer does not usually show its symptoms during the earlier stages of its development. This can make it a lot more dangerous than many other cancers and in the US; it ranks amongst the top four most commonly diagnosed cancers (alongside breast, colorectal and lung).

According to Ferrante, Shaw, and Scott (2011), prostate cancer is the most common cancer and second most common cancer death among men in the United States. Early detection permits appropriate and timely management, which can allow clinicians to treat the cancer effectively. When detected at early or regional stage, prostate cancer has a five-year survival rate of about 100%. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most widely used tumor marker and was approved by the FDA in 1994 as an aid in the early detection of prostate cancer (Duffy, 2011). PSA screening helps detect prostate cancer earlier, at lower clinical stages, and with a lower Gleason score (Cho et al., 2015).

This report provides a holistic scope of prostate cancer (PCa) from prevention, pathology, diagnostic screening, pharmacology, and treatment methods. It also incorporates statistical data, and provides a case study that helps the prospective nursing student to analyze its implications for their practice. The current methods for PCa diagnostics is often times not conclusive, and this causes a controversial decision to be made by the patient and the healthcare provider to either perform a surgery to remove the prostate, or a wait-and-see method of progression. The gold standard for diagnostic screening for PCa has long been prostate specific antigen (PSA); however newer methods are coming to light that enhance the PCA screening by adding additional biomarkers and advanced algorithms that help to reduce over-diagnosis of PCa. The bright side to this disease is two-fold: it mainly effects those in older age, and early detection can account for a 95% success rate up to 15 years after detection.

Prostate cancer is one of the major health concerns of the public. Worldwide prostate cancer has affected a big portion of the population and has become an issue for many males all around the world. Prostate cancer refers to the malignant growth of glandular cells located in the prostate. At the age of 85, a man is said to have a 1 in 5 chances of developing prostate cancer sometime in their life. Unfortunately Prostate cancer is a disease that does not give any warning signs when it is growing and so the clinical features of prostate are often nonspecific. Patients with prostate cancer have different types of treatment in which they can accept, there can be various methods such as surgery and theraypy toptions. There are

They found that the solution lied in the saturation, where the maximal growth of the prostate cancer was achieved at a low level of testosterone. This model was produced by Fowler and Whitmore, who concluded “normal endogenous testosterone levels may be sufficient to cause near maximal stimulation of prostatic tumors.” There final conclusion was that “there is not today—nor has there ever been—a scientific basis for the contention that a higher T concentration causes pCA growth, acutely or long-term.” This was a pivotal statement because many other research labs began to do work on this same theory, the only downfall was the majority of them were finding similar results to the Huggins and Hodges, and Fowler and Whitmore. [9]

The same figure in women is 18% higher risk. The study covered 5.5 million Swedish men and women born between 1938 and 1991. Factors such as family history and obesity play a greater role in cancer risk.

Hypothesis/Objective: Prostate molecular markers have been first discovered using the cancer genome of individuals other than African American decent. Due to the lack of screening in a large cohort of AA PCa the prevalence of these markers in AA PCa is not known. Given the fundamental differences in the ancestral history of the genome of AA and EA the prevalence of these molecular markers may be markedly different. Conventional systematic sampling approaches may not reveal the true prevalence in AA PCa. Therefore, we propose to undertake an innovative approach using whole-mount radical prostatectomy to understand the racial disparity.