Protein Macromolecule

Proteins are the basis of the protoplasm (fluid living content of the cell that contains the cytoplasm and cell nucleus) and are found in all living organisms. Proteins make up the bulk of animals body’s non-skeletal structure. As enzymes, they catalyze biochemical reactions; as antibodies, they prevent the effects of invading organisms; and as hormones, they control metabolic processes (C. Bissonnette, 2011). The Biuret test was used to detect the presence of peptide bonds within proteins, and they were found present in test tube #9 (control for peptide bonds).

Dehydration-synthesis is a reaction that occurs to form different types of macromolecules. It is a reaction that leaves a macromolecule structure along the lines of developing its own specific function in a living organism. The 4 most common ones are carbohydrates which includes monosaccharides and polysaccharides, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (Mack 2012). Scientists identify different types of macromolecules to achieve a better understanding on how they function in our bodies. This can be achieved by studying their chemical properties and structure.

Proteins are complex structures made up of chains of amino acids. Each protein has a different function such as enzymes to catalyze reactions or protein hormones to trigger certain functions of a cell. First let’s start with the most basic component of a protein: an amino acid. An amino acid is made up of a central carbon atom attached to a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group which varies

While doing this exercise I realized that I know the basics about food such as how carbohydrates, fats proteins are necessary and how they affect the body but I never knew what the macromolecules did in depth. I also learned what the macromolecules did in depth. I additionally learned that they are called macromolecules and that macromolecules are sizably voluminous organic molecule composed of more minute organic molecules composed of 95 percent carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen used to fortify our bodies .the other 5 percent gives the macromolecule unique qualities.

Proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers called amino acids. All structural and functional properties of proteins derive from the chemical properties of the polypeptide chain. There are four levels of protein structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure is defined as the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to certain regular geometric figures of the chain. Tertiary structure results from long-range contacts within the chain. The quaternary structure is the organization of protein subunits, or two or more independent polypeptide chains.

Proteins are large molecules found in all living things, which is useful as it is needed for growth and repair of the body. Amino acids can also be identified by using the process of chromatography just like the plant pigments. However, the only difference is that the amino acids are colourless compounds. To add a colour into the amino acid a solution called ninhydrin is added to produce a purple colour which helps with the process of extraction (chromatography). Cell proteins are made up of long chain of amino acids molecules called polypeptides and are linked by a chemical compound.

In biology, the structure of a molecule dictates its function. This essay describes the importance of the shapes of specific molecules and how proteins acquire the structure they have and how changes in their shape can affect their functionality. According to Roberts et al. (2000), proteins are chemically one of the most complex molecules known, as “they play a vital role in all organisms”. Stated by Alberts et al. (2002), proteins come in a wide variety of shapes, and are generally between 50 and 2000 amino acids long. The combination of any amino acid in any length and sequence leads almost to an infinite number of conceivable structures and functions. Amino acids undergo condensation reactions to form polypeptides. These amino acid units are linked by peptide bonds. The restricted rotation about the carbon-nitrogen bond in the peptide link has a large influence on the shape and structure of a protein, which therefore determines its function.

Module two presented three main concepts: biological molecules, enzymes, and cellular structures. A biological molecule is an organic molecule composed of two or more atoms that are bound together by a chemical bond. The organic molecules discussed in this module were carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and vitamins. Carbohydrates are hydrophilic molecules meaning that they can dissolve in water. They are made up of sugars, starches, and fibers. Sugars are the simplest form of a carbohydrate, and can bind together through covalent bonds to make the more complex starches and fibers. The binding of these multiple sugar units makes a macromolecule that is referred to as a polymer. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules meaning that they cannot dissolve in water. They are classified as triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids. They are what we commonly refer to as fats and oils. Proteins are polymers that are made up of multiple amino acids bound together by covalent bonds. Vitamins are essential nutrients which the body cannot synthesize, so the vitamins must be consumed in the diet. There are two types of vitamins: water soluble vitamins and lipid soluble vitamins. The names of these types of vitamins are give due to the substance

The four macromolecules presented in all living organism are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The carbohydrates are made up of sugars. This provides a major source of energy. When carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Then proteins have a large amount of amino acids. Most of the muscles are made up proteins. Proteins also have special helpers that are called enzymes that help regulate all the chemical reaction inside the body. Lipids reserve energy. There are three important lipids and they include fats, steroids, and phospholipids. Finally, the nucleic acids houses the DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids then stores and transmits genetic information.

Proteins are one of the main macromolecules that are important for human function. This study examines the presence of proteins in the given samples. The Biuret reagent created a color transitioned on the various samples. The Biuret reagent is an aqueous solution that is composed of sodium hydroxide and copper (II) sulfate. The copper ions in the Biuret reagent react with the peptide bonds which cause the color change in the test samples. The amount of protein in the various samples determined the color transition. The sample solutions with lower presence of protein did not change color as opposed to the sample solutions with a higher presence of

Proteins plays a different role in the human body,from the hair, nails, and skin to having functions in chemical reactions within the cells, which possess proteins building blocks amino acids (p.61).

Proteins are an essential part of a healthy diet in the human body which help to stimulate growth and maintenance. They are made up of amino acids, which the body uses to make new protein for a huge variety of functions. Proteins work as a power source which is said to be the bodies tissue building blocks. Protein is needed to form blood cells. Protein assists in shaping the hair, nails and muscles which are the structural features of the body.

The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids. This creates a polypeptide chain because each amino acid acts as a monomer so when they bind together they form a polymer. When amino acids bond together, a peptide bond is formed. This occurs when there is a condensation reaction and H2O is lost from the two amino acids and a bond forms between the carbon on one amino acid and the

Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino grouping, a carboxyl grouping, and a unique side chain or the R-group (Campbell and Farrell 61).

Proteins (Y.Vincent, et al.) are present in every cell of the organisms. They are involved virtually almost in all cellular activities. They are responsible for the various metabolic activities, nutrition transportation, regulations and etc. They exist as single chain molecule, as a three dimensional structures or even in the bundle or complex forms. The protein plays a vital role in cellular processes. The protein consists of twenty amino acids. They possess different characteristics such as hydrophobic, hydrophilic, polar, non-polar and etc. It is the great challenge to the bioinformatics that to find which combination of proteins are responsible for what kind of activities. The structure and function discovery of proteins in living organisms is vital role in understanding the background of various cellular processes. It is helpful in treating various diseases, in detecting the drugs to peculiar diseases.