Stephanie Ahlemeyer
Dr. Hudson
Bio 2240
Protein Essay
18 September 2015
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Proteins are the main building blocks that cells are assembled from and they make up most of the cell’s dry mass. They contain important elements such as oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and amino acids. Proteins also help provide the cell with shape and structure. There are some proteins, which are embedded in the plasma membrane, and they form channels and pumps. These channels and pumps control the passage of nutrients and small molecules in and out of the cell. In addition, some proteins send important messages to other cells or are signal indicators. The proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane act as motors
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The protein Alcohol Dehydrogenase can be found in our stomach and in our liver. In addition, it can assist in generation of aldehydes and ketones. According to the article, How Alcohol is Metabolized in the Human Body,
Alcohol dehydrogenase is the workhorse of the alcohol enzymes. --it breaks down the majority of the alcohol that enters the human body. Alcohol dehydrogenase is actually the name for a family of enzymes which break down alcohol--each of which has a slightly different molecular structure. Researchers have identified as many as 10 varieties of the alcohol dehydrogenase molecule.
All of them bring about the same chemical reaction--the difference is that some varieties of alcohol dehydrogenase work more efficiently than others. As we shall see below, these variations in the alcohol dehydrogenase molecule can explain why some individuals react differently to alcohol than others.
Based off this quote, alcohol dehydrogenase is an enzyme. An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes chemical reactions. In addition, alcohol dehydrogenase often referred to as AdhD, can be found in all organisms. Adhd can be used in food, pharmaceutical, and fine chemical industries for the productions of aldehydes, ketones, and chiral alcohols. (Machielsen et al., 2006). Alcohol dehydrogenase is made up of 3 main components, Zinc, Ethanol, and NAD. According to the article, Alcohol Dehydrogenase,
Alcohol dehydrogenase uses
The plasma membranes are made up of proteins that form pores and channels, cholesterol to provide membrane stability and carbohydrate molecules for cell recognition. The most abundant component found in the plasma membrane is the phospholipid, which is bilayer. The plasma membrane is amphipathic
The pathophysiology of alcoholism begins after alcohol the ingestion of alcohol. It is absorbed and unaltered through the stomach and intestines. Next it is distributed throughout the body through the blood and absorbed by all tissues and fluids (Huether, 2012, p. 72). Furthermore, in the liver the alcohol blood content is metabolized into acetaldehyde by the enzymes process of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), and catalase (Huether & McCance, 2012). Next, the metabolizing effects the central nervous system (CNS) and exhibits a depressant action. It is first expressed in the subcortical structures of the brain. This has an effect of disorientation of motor skills and intellect. With an increase in blood alcohol concentration, the medullary centers become depressed and as a result affects respiration (Huether & McCance, 2012). In addition, the effects of alcoholism encourage hepatic and gastric changes. The hepatic effect is caused by acetaldehyde, in which, induces inflammation, fatty deposits and enlargement of the liver (Huether & McCance, 2012).
Proteins are the basis of the protoplasm (fluid living content of the cell that contains the cytoplasm and cell nucleus) and are found in all living organisms. Proteins make up the bulk of animals body’s non-skeletal structure. As enzymes, they catalyze biochemical reactions; as antibodies, they prevent the effects of invading organisms; and as hormones, they control metabolic processes (C. Bissonnette, 2011). The Biuret test was used to detect the presence of peptide bonds within proteins, and they were found present in test tube #9 (control for peptide bonds).
Proteins have two main functions as well, but which is, build a cell or body structure and control all cell and body functions. Examples of cell or body structure is hair, muscle, bone, tendons, and skin. Examples of proteins controlling cell and body functions are motion, support, metabolism, transport, defence, and
2. protein provide structure in every cell in our body- Proteins are present in all areas and processes of the cell. proteins hep maintain the cell keep its shape, and control the movement of particles in and out of the cell. It also help send signal and repair of damaged cells. Proteins control movement in the cell division.
Intrinsic proteins occur across the whole width if the protein allowing the intake of substances into the cell. Extrinsic proteins occur only in the outer or inner phospholipid bi-layer, but not through both. These proteins are usually receptors. Intrinsic channel proteins allow water soluble molecules to pass through it by forming a tiny gap in itself, this is large enough for the substances. Intrinsic carrier proteins carry water-soluble molecules through the membrane, this method is called ‘Active Transport’
Proteins are important for the human body. Proteins play many important roles in the body including the structure of enzymes; these are important proteins that help reactions occur in the body, such as releasing from the food we eat. Proteins also function as transport proteins such as hemoglobin; an iron
Another vital component of the cell membrane are the integral proteins. Integral proteins are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer, these proteins are typically transmembrane proteins which means that one end extends to the exterior of the cell while the other connects to the interior. Integral proteins are
It has a lipid portion: can act as a toxin when released during an infection.
Proteins are complex structures made up of chains of amino acids. Each protein has a different function such as enzymes to catalyze reactions or protein hormones to trigger certain functions of a cell. First let’s start with the most basic component of a protein: an amino acid. An amino acid is made up of a central carbon atom attached to a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group which varies
Introduction: Cell membranes contain many different types of molecules which have different roles in the overall structure of the membrane. Phospholipids form a bilayer, which is the basic structure of the membrane. Their non-polar tails form a barrier to most water soluble substances. Membrane proteins serves as channels for transport of metabolites, some act as enzymes or carriers, while some are receptors. Lastly carbohydrate molecules of the membrane are relatively short-chain polysaccharides, which has multiple functions, for example, cell-cell recognition and acting as receptor sites for chemical signals.
and other substances that are reabsorbed back into the body. It is also responsible for
They are known to be the workhorses of the body cell that carries out diverse catalytic and structural roles into building the structures of all living organisms [15]. The basic structure of protein is a chain of amino acids that supplies energy to a body. There are 20 different naturally occurring amino acids that make all types of protein. Proteins come in various sizes and shapes. Some comes in a thread-like shape known as fibrous proteins and they tend to have structural or mechanical roles. Others come in spherical shapes, known as the globular proteins [16]. These spherical proteins function as enzymes, transport proteins, or antibodies. The key function of protein is based on its ability to recognize and bind specific ally to molecules, it also need to be in the right shape in other to function properly [15]. The primary structure of proteins is a linear sequence of amino acids encoded by DNA. This sequence controls how protein folds into three dimensional structure, the stability of its resulting structure [17], and functions. It is important to add that protein is an important building block of bones, skin, blood and
Proteins serve a myriad of functions whether within or outside of the cells. These functions include structural roles (cytoskeleton), transport of
Alcohol has no beneficial attributes on a person’s health. Alcohol can have several harmful effects on human organs. Some organs in the human body that are damaged by alcohol consumption are the brain, kidneys, and liver. The human liver is the one organ that suffers the most damage. As stated in an article published by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, “Because the liver is the chief organ responsible for metabolizing alcohol, it is especially vulnerable to alcohol – related injury” (NIAAA, 2005). Regular use of alcohol can lead to alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The severity of ALD can vary based on several different factors. Some of these factors include gender, age, the amount consumed, and how often alcohol is used. “ALD includes three conditions: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis” (Alcohol Alert, 2005).