R: A History and Overview
The idea for R was first conceived in the early 1990’s by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman, two professors at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. Although Ihaka had contemplated the idea of developing a programming language before meeting Gentleman. He references a book entitled The Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs as one inspiration that led to R. The book was meant to teach programming to engineering students through Scheme. The book provided a practical and interesting approach to programming. It also demonstrated the implementation process of a language like Scheme. In addition to this book, Ihaka had also been inspired by S, a statistical programming language developed at Bell Laboratories. He’d once needed to demonstrate a rule concerning lexical scope to a peer and used S in lieu of Scheme. He was surprised to see that the demonstration didn’t work due to S’s scoping differences. This caused him to begin thinking of major improvements on S that could lead to a better statistical programming language.
It was with this inspiration that Ihaka started collaboration with Gentleman on developing a new language. Since they were both statisticians, they sought to create a statistical language that could aid in their introductory courses. More generally, they wanted to create a language that operated in the same way a statistical analyst would think. By 1994, they had completed their first version of their new
R/s Sofia’s drug screen was positive for opiates but they were prescribed for a knee injury. R/s Sofia received late prenatal care, according to her, she didn’t know she was pregnant until the 5th or 6th month. R/s Sofia said she was scared to tell her parents and her and Jonathan (child’s father) thought about adoption. R/s Lalia (grandmother) shared that if they were still living in Morocco the baby would’ve been away and Sofia would’ve been taken to jail. R/s the family is very supportive of Sofia and happy to have Nadia. R/s Nadia is in the NICU, but she is getting close to be discharge probably within the next day or two.
In the preceding chapters basic elements for the proper execution of analytical work such as personnel, laboratory facilities, equipment, and reagents were discussed. Before embarking upon the actual analytical work, however, one more tool for the quality assurance of the work must be dealt with: the
Fromkin, Victoria & Rodman, Robert. An Introduction to Language, 6th edition. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace, 1998
The program addresses various questions about language, its history and development and current status. The hosts provide detailed explanation of the certain aspect of the English language and answer questions from the listeners. This program is based on the scientific research and background and is aiming to allow various listeners to explore English. The hosts address questions and problems that are familiar for most of the people
This organization fosters volunteerism; members unselfishly give back positively and constructively throughout Hampton Roads. They also incorporate Christian principles, accelerated academia and prominent professional guest speakers. Ultimately, this program was birthed to empower and inspire young women to be their best self and propel them into God's preordained destiny.
Source: G. C. Britz, D. W. Emerling, L. B. Hare, R. W. Hoerl, & J. E. Shade. "How to Teach Others to Apply Statistical Thinking." Quality Progress (June 1997): 67--80.
“Extrapolation is bad.” Well, that’s great Mr. Gould. The moment I stepped into AP Statistics, I was hit with boredom and a tinge of confusion. I thought my teacher was an absolute dork. Who finds data and graphs interesting? However, as I progressed further into the depths of the statistical universe, I started to change. I began to find the research studies in my book fascinating; I thought constructing tree diagrams and box plots was thrilling. Until one day it hit me. “Oh gosh, I think I’m falling in love,” I told myself. There wasn’t an instant moment where I developed my passion for numbers. It was a slow and gradual journey in my statistics class. Listening and taking notes is what I ordinarily do in AP classes. Yet, this one was different.
This is based on codifying "right thinking" which was all started by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle. In this approach , any solvable problem was solved in logical notation. Although if no solution exists , the program might loop forever.
Papert (1971) proclaimed that programming concretizes abstract concepts such as math, biology and psychology because children are actively constructing their learning as they interact with their work. Using the results of his research with children who struggle using math terminology and concepts, Dr. Papert (1971) explained that the children embraced the difficult math concepts and language quickly because they wanted to see the computer do what they have asked it to do and soon enough they became experts at using them to solve
The history of statistics can be said to start around 1749 although, over time, there have been changes to the interpretation of the word statistics. By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic collection ofdemographic and economic data by states. In the early 19th century, the meaning of "statistics" broadened to include the discipline concerned with the collection, summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed in government, business, and all the sciences. Electronic computers have expedited statistical computation, and have allowed statisticians to develop "computer-intensive" methods.
In 1842, Ada Lovelace learned that Charles Baggage had given a series of lectures on his Analytical Engine. Luigi Federico Menabrea had written up the lectures in the French work, Sketch of Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine. Though Babbage would never build the Analytical Engine, its concept was groundbreaking for the time. It was essentially the first idea for a programmable computer. Ada was so fascinated with the topic that she decided to translate the work into English. Babbage was impressed with her work and asked her “why she had not herself written an original paper on a subject which she is so intimately acquainted” (du Preez 108). At the time, women rarely were able to publish original work. They were usually forced to do as Ada did, merely translate the work of men. Ada successfully managed to circumvent this obstacle by adding a series of notes to Babbage’s original text. Her notes ended up being three times as long as the original, and even corrected many of the mistakes that Babbage had made. He noted that in doing so Ada was able to “enter fully into almost all the very difficult and abstract questions connected with the subject” (du Preez 108). These notes laid out the concept of computer programming and the required elements for a computer language. Unfortunately, Ada was still required to use a pseudonym, her initials A.A.L, in order to get the notes published in journals.
In the I-BEST program, beginning English Learners and experienced English Learners are taught within a language system as, they are taught differently based on their level of English Comprehension. This system aligns with standard 1.a, Language as a System.
The Rai system was originally devised in 1968. Throughout the years the diagnosis of CLL changed, at that time, all that was needed to diagnose CLL was lymphocytosis- a high number of lymphocytes in the blood and bone marrow that didn’t have any other cause (like infection). This was originally defined as over 15,000 lymphocytes/mm3 of blood and at least 40% of the bone marrow being made up of lymphocytes.[9]
I have also developed a strong interest in mathematics in the way it enables problem solving, which is a big part of computer science. It fascinates me in how the fundamental properties of computational problems are explored with the computational complexity theory. By approaching the description of the computation, using the programming language theory, the programming investigates the use of the programming language and complex system.
Scilab with dynamically typed objects it is a interpreted language . Scilab runs is available in binary format, for the platforms: Unix/Linux workstations MacOSX. MacOSX and Windows, users can also be installed using Scilab. Compilation of source code is also possible in Scilab. Scilab was named Basil, developed at INRIA as part of the Meta2project. It was developed in the name of Scilab by the Scilab group, which comprised of a team of INRIA Metal au and ENPC. Since 2004, Scilab development was been coordinated by a consortium .Scilab is used as a scripting language to test algorithms and to perform computations numerical. Scilab is a programming language, and around 2000 Scilab coded functions are available in library . The Scilab syntax is very simple, and also which are the fundamental object of scientific calculus the uses the matrices, and it is provided with specific functions and operators. Matrices are of different types which includes real, complex, string, polynomial, and rational. Scilab programs are very quiet compact and they are smaller than their counterparts in C, C++, or Java. Scilab is mainly a combination of scientific computing, numerical libraries from such areas as numerical library such as linear algebra, optimization and numerical integration it is a easy access . It is also simple to expand Scilab environment in a computer. Using static or dynamic links, one can easily import new functionalities from external libraries into Scilab . New