R-Apomorphine: Narcotic Analysis

Abuse may be revealed in a number of different ways. For example you may find that someone wants to tell you about it because they trust you. Also it might be from someone who has observed the abuse taking place, e.g. resident seeing a care worker shaking another resident because they were too slow getting dressed. The abuse is disclosed to the professional, sometimes with a request for confidentiality.

The goal of this laboratory exercise was to observe and determine the effects of chemical agents on Daphnia’s cell communication receptors. Different drugs have different effects on the circulatory system, and with higher concentrations of each, come more serious effects (3). The hypothesis for this laboratory exercise was: if Daphnia were placed into Caffeine or Nicotine, then their heart rate would increase. In comparison, if Daphnia were placed into Acetylcholine or Lidocaine, then their heart rate would decrease.

Schizophrenia is classified as a mental disorder that shows profound disruption of cognition and emotion which affects a person’s language, perception, thought and sense of self. The dopamine hypothesis states that schizophrenic’s neurones transmitting dopamine release the neurotransmitter too easily, leading to the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. This hypothesis claims that schizophrenics have abnormally high amounts of D2 receptors; receptors that receive dopamine, therefore resulting in a higher amount of D2 receptors binding to the receptors causing more impulses. Dopamine neurotransmitters play a

Physiological Changes Due to Risperdal Hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, psychosis and thought disorder are all symptoms of Schizophrenia and people who suffer from these symptoms seek the treatment of atypical anti-psychotic medications. Those medicines include Risperidone (Risperdal), Clozapine (Clozaril) , Ziprasidone (Geodon) and Quetiapine(Seroquel). The purpose of these medications is to alleviate symptoms of Schizophrenia and lessen the chances of a recurrence. The basic function of Atypical Antipsychotics is to reduce the effects of blockage in the dopamine receptors and serotonin and allow communication between nerve cells. Dopamine is thought to be relevant in Schizophrenic symptoms and

During the twentieth century, opioids were mainly used for the treatment of short-term pain or to comfort the suffering of terminally ill patients. Throughout the 2000s, Purdue actively marketed its controlled-release opioid Oxycontin as a safe and nonaddictive treatment for chronic pain. Other drug manufacturers soon followed suit, this move is what many public health experts believe is one of the root causes of the current opioid epidemic(McCoy,2014).

The significance of adderall is to mainly treat people who have narcolepsy and/or attention hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Regularly taking the medication with the correct dosage, ensures a person to get the most benefit from it. Adderall increases levels of dopamine, serotonin, and adrenaline in the brain. This causes elevated moods in majority of people. With an elevated mood, a person might feel more attentive and focused throughout their day. As a result and also a benefit from taking Adderall, higher motivation and enhanced levels of productivity are shown. Adderall is often prescriped as an effective appetite suppressant for people who want to lose weight. Adderall is also beneficial when it comes to individuals who suffer from narcolepsy.

Typical antipsychotics – e.g. chlorpromazine, block d2 receptors in several brain areas. 2. Less typical antipsychotics – e.g. pimozide, often used as a last resort when other drugs have failed. 3.

Previous data proposes impairments in synaptic proteins of specific NMDA receptors (GluN2B, GluN2A, GluN1), AMPA receptors (GluR1, GluR2), Calcium Calmodulin Kinase, Protein Kinase A/C, CREB (cAMP response element binding protein), signalling molecules of MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) – ERK (Extracellular Receptor Kinase), Akt (Protein Kinase B) etc (Minh Vu Chuong Nguyen et al., 2012).

The physiological function of each receptor subtype has not been established and is currently the subject of intensive investigation (1).

The rats displayed increased extracellular glutamate one day after exposure, and decreased extracellular glutamate three days after exposure. This reduction remained for up to two weeks. Increased extracellular glutamate appears to correlate with AMPAR downregulation. Zhou et al. measured glutamate levels in the NAc of rats during extended withdrawal from cocaine exposure (2016). They found similar results which indicated that glutamate reuptake increases during cocaine withdrawal. Additional recent research has solidified the role of the dopamine D1 receptor on glutamate transport. Sathler et al. found that D1-like receptors mediate the presence of extracellular excitatory amino acids (2016). They observed increased extracellular levels of L-glutamate in response to a dopamine receptor agonist. When activated, dopamine receptors activate signaling pathways, causing the phosphorylation of protein kinases which act on excitatory amino acid transport. Increased uptake of glutamate in the synapses of the NAc, induced by D1-like receptors, may be a major factor in causing decreased extracellular glutamate

The catalepsy is a typical side effect produced by chronic treatment with neuroleptic. It is characterized by loss of voluntary movement, impaired postural stability, inability to actively initiate movements and persistent abnormal postures. This effect is due to the blockade of D2 receptors at the central level Especially in striatal areas. The catalepsy development Occurs after thirty days of treatment with HAL and this effect correlates with reduced locomotor activity. These effects disappeared after three days of suspension of the drug. After seven days of this suspension, it was Observed up regulation of D2 receptors in the striatum. These phenomena are due to blockade of D2 receptors, though other mechanisms may also be Involved. The

Apomorphine has been used as far back as 2000 BC. In 2000 BC the Mayan’s noticed that the bulb and root of water lilies gave a narcotic feeling, as well as acted as an aphrodisiac and partial hallucinogen.1 Apomorphine belongs to a class of molecules called aporphines which are present in water lilies, more specifically in Nymphaea caerulea and Nymphaea ampla.1 While mild effects were shown in parts of water lilies, scientists wanted to know what exactly caused these effects. The compounds were isolated and tested to determine that apomorphine was the most active ingredient. The concentration of apomorphine was so low in the plants that isolation was impractical so a synthesis was designed to investigate the properties of apomorphine further; leading to apomorphine being used for Parkinson’s disease, erectile dysfunction, and most recently Alzheimer disease.

Alprazolam or Xanax is a medication, an anxiolytic (anti-anxiety agent), a medium-term benzodiazepine derivative that is used to treat panic disorders, anxiety neuroses such as anxiety disorder or social phobia. Alprazolam is close to triazolam by its chemical structure, differs from the absence of the Cl atom at phenyl at position. Alprazolam has less pronounced hypnotic effect. It is used mainly for short-term withdrawal of feelings of anxiety and fear.

The humanity has been using alkaloids-containing extracts since ancient times. For example, there are reports on the use of opium since 3,400 BC. Opium (from Papaver somniferum) exudate is rich in tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, as (5), codeine (6), and papaverine (7) (ref). Morphine is a potent analgesic and narcotic extensively used to treat both acute and chronic severe pain (Bercovitch et al., 1999). South American Indians have been using coca leaves (Erytrothroxylon coca; Erythroxylaceae) for over 4,000 years (ref), as a stimulant and energy source. Coca is known for its psychoactive alkaloid cocaine (8), whose medicinal use as tonic, for digestive disorders, weakness, aphrodisiac, in the treatment of asthma, alcohol and morphine

This lab involves the examination of cutaneous receptors. There are four exercises. For this lab, report your observations in a formal report, according to the formatting prescribed in Lab Report Format.doc which is found on Blackboard under Assignments/Before You Begin.