Ramat Rahel Region Analysis

The Repton Long Barrow sits between the parish church and the River Esk in Repton, Bluffshire, U.K. Last summer, I examined evidence for previous disturbance(s) of the site and assessed the extent to which the original Neolithic burial mound remained intact. I excavated two different sites on the mound, one on the east end and another on the west end of the barrow. While excavating and cleaning each of the sections, I recovered artifacts and human bones. I was also able to draw a stratigraphic profile of each excavation site. Using documentary sources pertaining to the Repton Long Barrow site to assist in my interpretation of the history, I was able to reconstruct the

Evidence of almost 100 of the stones has revealed without the need to excavate the site, due to remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar and geographical imaging technologies. These advancements in science and technology allow researchers to discover the historical monuments full extent. Fragments of bones, stones and the foundation pits in which they were situated have all been uncovered during excavations and technological mapping indicating the true size and importance the site was to the Neolithic

Characterized by their early adoption of bronze, the Argaric culture quickly gained dominance over other societies. However, El Argar reached its peaked after a severe drought. According to data from ‘Eco-ruin ‘felled early society’, the early civilization was drained of its natural resources causing their own downfall. These findings were based off of pollen preserved in compost deposits located in the mountains of eastern Andalucía, Spain. In addition, researchers drilled a sediment core from the Canada del Gitano basin in the Andalucía Sierra de Baza region. With information from the abundance of pollen types and from the sediment core, scientists were able to create the same vegetation that covered the area in past times. With their given findings, researchers were able to gather a pollen sequence that was able to tell them how human settlement and climate affected the ecosystems. Keeping this in mind, archaeologists are convinced that shortly before the collapse of the Argaric culture, something happened to the ecological structure of the area.

Archaeology is the study of the ancient past, through the recovery and analysis of material culture. During the development of archaeology, various different kinds of scientific techniques have been established to aid in archaeological investigation. Recent archaeological techniques and processes such as Scanning Electron Microscopy, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Radiocarbon Dating are utilised to help better understand a civilisation, specifically the site of Lindow Man. These modern methods have supported in recognizing Lindow Man’s identity and important information regarding his death such as his appearance, his stomach content, what he had eaten prior death and his age. This information has since helped lead scientists to believe in

When considering excavation methods, the location of the site has to be taken into account, as many archaeological methodologies can cause long-term damage to the site. So considering conservation strategies and methods is crucial. This directly applies to New Kinord, as the

Much of the diversity of Putney’s soils can be attributed to the movements of the Laurentide ice sheet that, 20,000 years ago, covered the region in several thousand feet of ice. As the glaciers proceeded south, they reconfigured the land’s surface layer by scraping away the existing soil. As the world’s climate warmed, the ice retreated, redepositing glacial till across the landscape. Topography played an integral role in the distribution of soil following glaciation. In the hills, this unsorted till, a collection of boulders, cobbles, gravel, sands, silt, and clay, began the slow process of pedogenisis (soil formation) as plants and animals brought life to this barren world. In the valleys, material was sorted by the water from the melting ice as it flowed down from the hills (Stewart 55). Below, in figure 1, the areas of unsorted till are represented in orange while areas of sorted sediment such as gravel, sand, outwashes,

During the FLP work, I did not map historical period terraces within the modern arroyo and noted only two prehistoric terrace surfaces, one of which has only very isolated occurrences. I identified six distinct, prehistoric units of stream-deposited alluvium and at least three arroyo-cutting episodes along Carrizo Wash and its tributaries. Chronometric control was provided by 21 radiocarbon dates on charcoal and isolated prehistoric ceramics found in both primary and reworked contexts. Three of the stratigraphic units (Qha1, Qha2, and Qha3) are separated by weak soils in clayey alluvial and were dated to the middle Holocene between approximately 6200 14C yr BP and 4000 14C yr BP. Subsequent arroyo cutting preceded deposition of late Holocene unit Qha4 during the 4000–1000 14C yr BP interval. Unit Qha4 deposition ended with arroyo formation ca. 1000 14C yr BP. Similarly, the other late Holocene alluvial units (Qha5 and Qha6) were followed by arroyo cutting around 650 14C yr BP and the late 19th century,

The study area was approximately 3,717 acres in size, of which 421 acres (11%) were sampled with field investigations. Sample blocks measuring 360x150 meters in size were distributed among 31 broad pedological units. Forty-nine (49) archaeological resources were investigated, including two that were previously recorded, 33 that were newly identified, and 14 isolated finds. As a result, six sites were recommended for avoidance or additional work to firmly evaluate them for the NRHP. Based on the sampling, a density of one site/nine acres was estimated for the intensive survey phase. This density compared well with the density observed for the western section (Abbott and Davis 1995:130). Two hypotheses were given for the high site density: 1) better preservation as a result of less severe erosion and 2) specific prehistoric/historic settlement

9). Serpent Mound is well documented and has peaked archaeologist and other researchers interest for a long time, the first excavation dates back to Putnam in the 1890s (Herrmann and others 2014, p. 117). However, the age of construction for Serpent Mound has been a point of contestation for researchers. Researchers propose two time periods for construction, either Adena (~2,300 years ago) or Fort Ancient (~900 years ago) (Herrmann 2014, p. 119). Recently published work, as of 2017, done by Romain and others have provided strong evidence for Adena construction, radio carbon dates from GeoProbe core samples, LiDAR analyses, and electrical resistivity ground imaging surveys support their hypothesis (2017). Despite of initial construction of Serpent Mound, Hermann and Others do not deny that later Fort Ancient and other cultural groups occupied the site, making the site multi-occupational (2014,

This site began its occupation during the Developed Periphrastic Period due to the pottery found in strata 25, 24, 23, and 22. The site was continually used until the Early Pleonastic which is found in strata 18, 17, and 16. The site was abandoned sometime between 1500 BC-800 BC because in stratum 16 there is Early Pleonastic pottery then in stratum 14 there is Late Chiastic pottery. Stratum 14 has Late Chiastic pottery, indicating the site has a population again. However, the stratum is clearly a hole that cuts through strata 15, 16, 17, and 18. In the stratum, burnt animal bones, seeds, broken pottery, and broken groundstones are found, possibly indicating nomadic people travelling through. The C-14 dates on the seeds are 720 ± 30 BC and

The examination of this site would answer questions that are relevant to the development and abandonment of this site. Proposed excavations will begin by coring the soil of the most significant anomalies from the resistivity results. Soil coring will be done in each of the proposed 2 meter by 2 meter squares previously chosen for excavation (see attached site map plan). Soil cores yielding positive results, will then lead to shovel test pits; from there transecting trenches connecting those test pits will be excavated. It must be recognized that the precise location of the area must available for subjective change based on the results from coring and test pits. The objective of this excavation is to provide characterizations of features and sequences of the archaeological components of this particular archaeological site. There will be a need for the examination of all artefactual and ecofactual remains that are

The changes in weather in this arid climate and the sand on the shore of Lake Mungo have made the stratigraphic layers help in dating these human remains. The reasons for the age discrepancy include that the age of Mungo I was fifteen to twenty thousand years older than previous radiocarbon based estimates. A significant climatic change happened about forty thousand years ago causing burial practices to adapt to drier conditions.

The history of archaeology plays an important role in the controversial issues surrounding the science. Archaeology has only recently become a concrete science. Although mankind has always had an interest in the past, the root of archaeology is believed to have started in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. During this time period, artifacts were mainly sought after for collecting. The upper class of the Renaissance period collected artifacts from places such as Rome and Greece to display in their homes as art. As time went on, the lure of historical art and artifacts increased. “Classical archaeology” is the direct result of this curiosity. The “classical archaeologists” were mainly wealthy men that collected artifacts for their homes and studied where they

The civilizations that thrived prior to the arrival of the Europeans, employed many complex agricultural methods that benefited organisms within their ecosystems, in addition to erecting magnificent metropolises. The most common agricultural methods included “slash and char” in densely forested regions, terracing on steep hillsides and milpas-small plots-found in lower wetlands. “Slash and char” a term dubbed by Christopher Steiner-a soil scientist from the University of Bayreuth- created “terra preta” a very nutrient rich soil that increases the fertility of the land and provides habitats for a diverse variety of microorganisms (Mann 345-346). Other features like the “forested islands” in the Beni (Mann 344), and the “fallows” in the Amazon (Mann 286) were anthropogenic creations mistaken for geological landforms due to lack of examination of the degrading man-made ceramics in the mounds, which indicate they were produced by an advanced civilization. Although Milpa’s and terracing were managed differently than the regions where terra preta transformed infertile areas into old-growth orchards called “fallows,” all three methods fortified the soil quality and manipulated crops to amplify productivity in order to support major populations. Without large-scale agricultural systems, a massive society could not have existed. Another key line of evidence supporting this idea, that Indians sculpted their own environment, is perhaps the most visible. Pyramids and plazas akin to ones in Teotihuacan and Huaricanga would not exist

This changed history forever. While it created controversy, due to some people’s attachments to the old ways of dating and doubts in this revolutionary method, it proved to be the closest method to have an accurate chronology of history. In 1955, to prove the accuracy or radiocarbon, Libby published a graph that showed the comparison of the results of radiocarbon dating of specimens from Egypt. These specimens had already an absolute known date. The graph proved the accuracy of Libby’s radiocarbon dating. Figure 1 (Renfrew, 1973)