Rationale for Cultural and Religious Constructions of Grief and its Expression
Running with the idea that grief, as an emotion, is universal in nature, but that its expression is the part most culturally or religiously informed, there comes the idea of what is considered socially appropriate in a given situation. Hochschild presents the idea of “feeling rules” which are culturally informed put in place to govern the way that emotions are expressed and present an expectation to be abided by (1979, p. 552). For example the Balinese, who may be grieving on the inside, but are expected to laugh or act with grace or composure in the face of death (Wikan, 1989, p. 295). In Western culture, this process of “emotion work” is measured against what we
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There is this constant dissonance between the healing power of grieving, but also the point at which it becomes harmful and needs to be controlled (Shepard, 2002, p. 205). This is seen in Western culture, where we make determinations about how long a person should feel sad for or when a normal grieving process becomes abnormal or unhealthy (Lutz, 1986, p. 294), but also in other cultures, like the Toraja, who encourage overt outpouring of emotion for a short time, but then consider that continuing this for too long will inhibit a person’s ability to protect themselves from poor health (Wellenkamp, 1988, p. …show more content…
From this standpoint it has focused on the ways that these cultural practices and expressions of grief are informed by the social construction of feeling rules which are based on underlying religious beliefs or ideological framing rules. We have explored the links in these quite separate cultural ways of grieving and also shown where they differ to understand whether or, preferably, how humans are alike and yet so diverse. It is clear from this analysis and research that based on the range of cultures we have explored here grief is most likely to be experienced universally. Though this comes in a raft of different forms, by various names (Wierzbicka, 2003, p. 580), in any number of various expressions as determined by the feeling rules considered most appropriate in any given cultural setting, it does not negate the hypothesis that at some stage or another in any person’s life they will experience death and thus grieving in whatever form it takes (Hochschild, 1979, p. 552). Put simply, the Western assumption that grief is a universally experienced emotion, based only on this research, is correct, but the assumption that we all experience grief in the same way is where the fallacy
Society and culture have created scripts (i.e., social norms) that dictate the ways in which we are to grieve. These scripts also prescribe the unique ways in which men and women are expected to respond to grief. Specifically, men’s grief scripts suggest that men will resolve to grieve in solitude as a demonstration of their self-reliance. Men may also have muted emotional response and expressed emotions are typically in the form of anger or guilt (Martin & Doka, 2011). Comparatively, women’s grief scripts suggest that women are more emotive and seek support from others to help cope with loss (Martin & Doka, 2011).
The life transition of death and dying is inevitably one with which we will all be faced; we will all experience the death of people we hold close throughout our lifetime. This paper will explore the different processes of grief including the bereavement, mourning, and sorrow individuals go through after losing someone to death. Bereavement is a period of adaptation following a life changing loss. This period encompasses mourning, which includes behaviors and rituals following a death, and the wide range of emotions that go with it. Sorrow is the state of ongoing sadness not overcome in the grieving process; though not pathological, persistent
Every individual experiences the act of death, and most persons experience the death of someone they know of. Whether family, kin, or someone infamous, the living deal with the process of dying. Anthropology seeks to understand the universal process of death ritual and how different cultures deal with death differently. An anthropologist can extract social values of a given culture, past or present, from how death ceremony is practiced. Such values could be regarding political hierarchy or an individual’s status in a society, and about a culture’s spiritual or religious faith. By exploring death ceremony in ancient Egypt, contemporary Hindu death practice in India, and current North American funerary rites, it can be illustrated that
Loss is a phenomenon that is experienced by all. Death is experienced by family members as a unique and elevated form of loss which is modulated by potent stages of grief. Inevitably, everyone will lose someone with whom they had a personal relationship and emotional connection and thus experience an aftermath that can generally be described as grief. Although bereavement, which is defined as a state of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved one, is a universal experience it varies widely across gender, age, and circumstance (definitions.net, 2015). Indeed the formalities and phases associated with bereavement have been recounted and theorized in literature for years. These philosophies are quite diverse but
Every individual in this world will encounter grief throughout their lifetimes. It could be caused from the loss of a pet, a bad break up, losing a job, or losing a loved one. The body’s natural response is to grieve, every ones grieving process is unique and different in its own way. This paper will discuss the stages of grief by researching a book called “Lament for a Son” and how the author of the book ( Wolterstorff) found joy after his loss. The author of this paper will analyze and review what is the meaning and significance of death in light of the Christian narrative, as well as how the hope of resurrection can play a role in comforting Wolterstorff.
This research explores the literature across cultures on death and dying in order to highlight the impact of culture on reactions to death and the dying process. A theoretical framework is established, using Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s five stages of dying, followed by a succinct discussion of the reactions and attitudes toward death and the dying process of four cultures (Buddhist, Hindu, Native American and American). By illustrating the different reactions and attitudes toward death of these cultures, it is revealed that through increased cultural understanding health care workers can provide more personalized care to the dying.
Death is a universally experienced phenomenon. In the United States alone, over 2.6 million people die each year (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). For practitioners, it is of utmost importance to better understand the process of grief to develop better interventions for bereaved individuals.
When an individual dies, their death can greatly impact the loved ones they leave behind. Each mourner may feel and perceive the death differently from one another, but one common factor that can influence the mourner’s beliefs, values, and views about a person’s death is their culture. Their culture can regulate the way the mourner copes with the death of a loved one, what they do with the physical deceased body, and how they may honor the dead afterwards (Cartaret, 2011). For me, my culture is relatively related to the Catholic, Hispanic American culture, which is a broad and subjective category, but it is what I believe that guides my views towards life and death. I have additionally chosen to learn about the cultural practices of Hinduism of Indians on death
Whether it is over the death of a loved one or a very emotional situation, grief is inevitable. Most individuals experience a form of grief at some point in their lifetime. Coping with a distressing situation can be a very difficult task and there are many arguments as to whether there is a set and correct method on how to deal with grief or not. Many people have created a grieving process that includes going through certain stages in order. However, this proposed grieving method is no more than a false theory. Due to the fact that every single person grieves differently, there is no way to possibly set a specific way to grieve. “A Raisin in The Sun,” by Lorraine Hansberry and “Hamlet, Prince of Denmark,” by William Shakespeare both
Grief is a result of loss; be it a divorce, loss of a pet, home, job, or a relationship, but grief due to death is the most common form, known to mankind. This group will focus on five stages of grief, and the benefits of mourning after a loss. We will explore answers to questions, such as how should Christians grieve after a loss, what is normal in the grief process, and how long should I grieve? We will also discuss their responses to their own personal loss, along with the way that their responses are/were perceived by others in their lives, including family, friends, coworkers, and other Christians. Ultimately, the group member’s own personal experience will become the tool of empowerment that breaks the bondage of other peoples’ expectations of their grief process.
Death and dying is a natural and unavoidable process that all living creatures will experience at some point in life, whether it is one’s own person death or the death of a close friend or family member. Along with the experience of death comes the process of grieving which is the dealing and coping with the loss of the loved one. Any living thing can grieve and relate to a loss, even children (Shortle, Young, & Williams, 1993). “Childhood grief and mourning of family and friends may have immediate and long-lasting consequences including depression, anxiety, social withdrawal, behavioral disturbances, and school underachievement” (Kaufman & Kaufman, 2006, p. 61). American children today grow up in cultures that attempt to avoid grief and
Grief is the act following the loss of a loved one. While grief and bereavement are normal occurrences, the grief process is a social construct of how someone should behave. The acceptable ways that people grieve change because of this construct. For a time it was not acceptable to grieve; today, however, it is seen as a necessary way to move on from death (Scheid, 2011).The grief process has been described as a multistage event, with each stage lasting for a suggested amount of time to be considered “normal” and reach resolution. The beginning stage of grief is the immediate shock, disbelief, and denial lasting from hours to weeks (Wambach, 1985). The middle stage is the acute mourning phase that can include somatic and emotional turmoil. This stage includes acknowledging the event and processing it on various levels, both mentally and physically. The final stage is a period of
“Ordinary people” everywhere are faced day after day with the ever so common tragedy of losing a loved one. As we all know death is inevitable. We live with this harsh reality in the back of our mind’s eye. Only when we are shoved in the depths of despair can we truly understand the multitude of emotions brought forth. Although people may try to be empathetic, no one can truly grasp the rawness felt inside of a shattered heart until death has knocked at their door. We live in an environment where death is invisible and denied, yet we have become desensitized to it. These inconsistencies appear in the extent to which families are personally affected by death—whether they
The passing of a loved one is a universal experience and every person will experience loss or heartache, at some point in their life. Some people obviously appear upset, some do not, grief is individual, dependent on; age, gender, development stage, personality, their normal stress reactions, the support available, their relationships or attachments, other death experiences, how others react to their own grief around them (Thompson & Hendry, 2012).
In each culture there are “right” and “wrong” ways to express emotions. This is similar to how different cultures greet each other. For example, in the United States it is very common to see a greeting through a handshake, while in France they usually shake hands then kiss each other on each cheek. Therefore, when looking at the “rights” and “wrongs” of expressing grief, it is just as diverse as greetings from culture to culture (“Cultural Greetings” 1). For instance, in areas of Britain, it is common to not express one’s anger.