Reader Response Criticism to God's Determinations
For the reader demanding either rational sense or aesthetic pleasure from poetry, reading the preface to Edward Taylor's "God's Determinations" is humbling in ways unintended by the 17th century Puritan minister and poet. "Rationality" per se seems rejected at the start, where we are asked first to comprehend "Infinity," and then to envision it (everything) "beholding" "all things"(also everything). "Things" get no clearer as we progress, as we find whatever "infinity" "beholds" in not everything but "nothing," and that "nothing" itself to become the building material for "all." Identifying the paradox, perhaps, as that which begins the Biblical account of the Creation,
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Granted, logical incoherence might not trouble the reader demanding beauty from a poem, but even the poem's most vivid images--rocks, rivers, curtains, a bright "gem" of some unmentioned size and color--don't offer nearly the "delectable view" found in a poem of Taylor's contemporary Anne Bradstreet.
Although Taylor certainly meant to "humble" his reader in the preface to his long poem, he certainly did not have a modern rationalist or aesthete audience in mind when he wrote it. His intended readers were rather his parishioners, 17th-century Puritan men and women for whom poetry was more a rhetorical than an aesthetic exercise, and for whom God's ways were understood to be inscrutable--what we might call "irrational"--to the sons of Adam. Part of a people who left for the New World in order to enjoy a more perfect relation with their God, now in a third generation Taylor's audience was beginning to forget what was for an orthodox Puritan their "proper" place among "all things." "God's Determinations" was Taylor's way to remind his readers of that place.
Taylor begins his poem by limning the first verses of Genesis, but from line 3 to line 19, nearly half the poem, he asks questions--questions which amplify God's physical might and unimaginable power while they invite readers to remind themselves of a time (before their recent lapse in faith) when they had evinced a more proper respect for that power. In this sense, the very "senselessness" of Taylor's
The poem, “Huswifery”, shows how Edward Taylor prayed to God. He asked him to help him a better Christian and use him for His purpose. “Make Me O Lord Thy Spinning Wheel Complete,’’ shows how Edward viewed life. His message is typical of Puritanical
Jonathan Edwards's sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" is moving and powerful. His effectiveness as an eighteenth century New England religious leader is rooted in his expansive knowledge of the Bible and human nature, as well as a genuine desire to "awaken" and save as many souls as possible. This sermon, delivered in 1741, exhibits Edwards's skillful use of these tools to persuade his congregation to join him in his Christian beliefs.
Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor are two poets who are puritans. They are able to use writing and language to portray their ideas on G-d and religion. Upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666 by Bradstreet and Huswifery by Taylor are similar in the sense that G-d is always a part of their poems, whether it’s direct or through the use of complex writing. Through the use of language and metaphors, Bradstreet conveys that a connection with G-d could be strengthened through destruction while Taylor reveals that a connection can be reinforced through creation.
Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor are two of the most distinguished and fervent Puritan poets. Yet this similarity has proven to be one of the few, if not only between these two. One cannot help but find it intriguing that poets who belong to the same religious group and style would write so differently. Many of these differences are not even subtle or hidden beneath the text itself. The differences themselves hold implications and ideas that differ between each poet.
Edwards' creative choice of words that he uses describes the power of God and the terrible Hell awaiting sinners. These words easily infiltrate into the minds of his congregation and frighten them beyond belief. These choices of words and his use of such vivid images are mostly successful in their intent, to scare and put fear into his audience. Edwards held his audience locked up with his promises of eternal damnation if proper steps were not taken. The congregation felt the intense impact of his rhetorical strategies and lived on the fear of the power of God. In this way, he was able to keep his followers from sin and away from the fiery pits of Hell.
Edward Taylor’s Upon Wedlock, and Death of Children and Upon a Wasp Chilled with Cold are similar in their approach with the illustration of how beautiful and magnificent God’s creations are to humankind. However, each poem presents tragic misfortune, such as the death of his own children in Upon Wedlock, and Death of Children and the cold, enigmatic nature of human soul in Upon a Wasp Chilled with Cold. Taylor’s poems create an element of how cruel reality can be, as well as manifest an errant correlation between earthly life and spiritual salvation, which is how you react to the problems you face on earth determines the salvation that God has in store for you.
The depiction of such different Gods between the two Puritan ministers stems from their overall goal in their writing. Taylor’s goal in writing is purely for the glory of God and his own expression of feelings towards Him. Edward Taylor’s works are too bright and cheerful for the Puritan conservatives at the time and do not serve for moral instruction as most literature should. In his work, “Upon Wedlock, and Death of Children,” he describes,
Jeffrey Skinner wrote the poem, “The Bookshelf of the God of Infinite Space”. One curious result of researching this poem and author was that the poem wasn’t brought up by the author and public much. Jeffrey Skinner’s writing is a mix of physics, poetry, and theology, and has won many awards. He has been a playwright, but is now the President for Sarabande Books, a publishing company, and a English teacher at The University of Louisville (Jeffrey Skinner). “The Bookshelf of the God of Infinite Space” by Jeffrey Skinner mixes his ideas of theology and English together. The poem was intriguing, as Jeffrey mixes the “Infinite Library” with God, while maintaining a personal effect on readers. The text mentions detailed second person and makes
In the movie God on Trial, director Andy de Emmony has the actors in the setting of the concentration camp, Auschwitz, where they have to face the challenging and controversial issue of God’s goodness. The characters hold a trial to judge God, the room is full of tension and division where some of the prisoners defend God and the others accuse God with murder and evil. Those who come to God’s defense restate numerous biblical stories which are full of miracles and beautiful natural stories full of hope. On the other hand, the others accuse God with devastating personal experiences and horrendous biblical stories. The movie is not the only time people tried to defend or question God’s goodness. In the article, “ Did God Command Genocide?”
a) Christians believe many different things about God’s nature; due to the huge spectrum of Christians that there are. However, as a general rule they perceive God as being one of the following four things:
In Edward Taylor’s “Prologue” he seeks to demonstrate the inferiority of man in respect to God’s glory. Taylor begins his piece by creating a metaphor in which his own subsidiarity to God is described in terms of physical stature and uniqueness. He then purposefully includes phrases with erroneous meter and imperfect rhymes to demonstrate that his inferiority extends to his abilities as a writer. Taylor further attempts to establish his lack of authorial skills by including repetitious words, implying that he lacks an extensive vocabulary. When combined these tactics serve to support the idea that Edward Taylor has many shortcomings, both as a human and a poet, especially in comparison to the greatness of God.
From the time that modern humans have encompassed the Earth, they have looked to some form of a higher being to obtain unknown answers about the vast and complicated realm surrounding them. Throughout history, religious depictions of such higher power are found in movies, music, dances, and perhaps most intricately- in poetry. Samuel Taylor Coleridge grew up in a religious family, including his father, who was an Anglican Vicar. Coleridge, however, deemed himself to be a Unitarian- a Christian who believes that God is not three separate entities, but instead, one single unit. Although in modern times, the difference is mere, and often looked over, Samuel Taylor Coleridge could have considered a rebellion of religion in the late 18th century.
In his book God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, Christopher Hitchens dissects and criticizes the various claims of religions and the tragic events that have been caused by various religions. The title of the book sums up the arguments of Hitchens in this book in the fact that he makes many arguments of why “religion poisons everything.” The majority of the chapters in this book discuss why he believes religion to be a manmade notion that has led to more trouble than anything else in the world. Most of his focus is on the three Abrahamic religions of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism but he does fit in criticism of other religions as well. The topics he chooses to discuss range from the sketchy origins of Mormonism to the
This poem is therefore widely a statement of pantheism, which is a position that god and nature are the same. According to Matt Slick, (2011) the word pantheism is derived from Greek words "Pan" meaning all and the other section from "theos" meaning God. This then implies that all nature found in the universe, from the stars, mountains, planets, wind, rain, storms are all part of what God is hence pantheists contest that God is all and all nature is part of God. This should not be confused with the Christian perspective that God created all nature but these are inferior to him and are in no way equal to him.
Through out history, as man progressed from a primitive animal to a "human being" capable of thought and reason, mankind has had to throw questions about the meaning of our own existence to ourselves. Out of those trail of thoughts appeared religion, art, and philosophy, the fundamental process of questioning about existence. Who we are, how we came to be, where we are going, what the most ideal state is....... All these questions had to be asked and if not given a definite answer, then at least given some idea as to how to begin to search for, as humans probed deeper and deeper into the riddle that we were all born into.