Reduction of Diarrheal Diseases in Under-Five Children in Lagos, Nigeria

Fecal-related communicable diseases include cholera, typhoid, dysentery (including Shigellosis), diarrhoea, hookworm, schistosomiasis, filariasis and especially epidemics such as cholera (Ziraba, Haregu, & Mberu, 2016). These fecal matters at fresh state as well as state of decomposition are releasing a

Also, an estimated 4 million cases and over 100,000 deaths occur each year due to this bacteria. Because the intestines are the site in which fluid is absorbed from food, unfortunately for people suffering from the bacteria, the intestines overdo their job and one suffers from diarrhea. Diarrhea is a homeostatic imbalance, in which stools are “watery” (Hoehn, 892).

Diarrhea being expelled from the body is not normal. This indicates that there is an issue within the gastrointestinal tract. Normally the small intestine absorbs most of the water in chyme. Approximately 95% of water is absorbed in the small intestine by osmosis (Marieb, 2014). The remaining water is usually absorbed in the large intestine, and some is even used to help soften the stool that is supposed to be pushed out. Peristalsis and segmentation in the small intestine helps mucosal cells absorb the water within the chyme. According to Marieb (2014), water moves freely in both directions of the intestinal mucosa, and active transport of solutes into the mucosal cells creates net osmosis because of the concentration gradient established. Therefore, water uptake is paired to solute uptake, and then affects the absorption of substances that

Given that diarrhea is the second leading cause for children under the age of five worldwide, it is extremely important that this issue is addressed (Andrade & Zoerhoff, 2012). The reason as to why diarrhea so commonly leads to death is because it is associated with dehydration and severe fluid loss, and since San Gabriel has such a low amount of water, the children here are more likely to develop diarrheal disease and die from it. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that diarrheal disease is a result of gastrointestinal infections. These infections occur because of bacterial, viral, and parasitic organisms that can be transferred through the fecal-oral

Inconveniences that may emerge are the loss of liquid and electrolytes, hypokalemia, acidosis, hypovolemia, renal disappointment, and blood vessel impediments Kanungo & Sur, 2012). As cited by Deb, Bhattacharya, Pal, et. al., the treatment of cholera comprises of the accompanying procedures. To begin with is early location of cases allows the recognizable proof of contaminated family unit contacts and helps general wellbeing faculty in exploring the method for spread for settling on particular intercession. Second is the adjustment of lack of hydration on the grounds that during the course of cholera, looseness of the bowels is the principal appearance of the infection. There is an expanded loss of water and electrolytes in the fluid stool and vomitus (Kanungo & Sur,

The word ‘dysentery’ is used to describe two different kinds of stomach illnesses, both of which result in an inflammation of intestines along with very severe and bloody diarrhea. Amoebic Dysentery is caused by an internal protozoan (Entamoeba histolytica) that has two forms: the cyst form is its infective form and is spherical in shape with refractile walls. The other form is the trophozoite form which is it mobile form and has a diameter 15-30 micrometers. According to Medline Plus, about 50 million people get Amoebic Dysentery every year around the world, and approximately 40 000 - 50 000 die of Amoebic Dysentery.

Malnutrition: - diarrhea leads depletion of vital nutrients from the body. It causes malnutrition and hamper children's physical and cognitive development.

The intangible resources are maternal capital (e.g., education, skills, knowledge), time, social status and place within the family structure, inter-household relations of child care and resource exchange. These intangible resources are relevant to children's vulnerability. First, higher-income people have a better education and live in better households. Education improves people's autonomy and decision making. For instance, educated women have higher authority and can make a better decision about their child's health. Low-income people have low levels of education and live in high-frequency homes, which influence the children's vulnerability in these households. Moreover, low educated people have a lower ability to understand diarrhea transmission

Diarrhoea is the process of passing watery faeces, accompanied by symptoms such as stomach pains, nausea and vomiting (betterheath). It is very widespread, being experienced by lots of people several times a year and is usually easily treatable (webmd). However, not all cases of diarrhoea are as simple. In fact, some diarrhoeal cases are life-threatening, killing approximately 760 000 children under the age of five each year (WHO1).

The documented health and nutritional benefits from consumption of probiotic food products show alleviating gastrointestinal problems and many other health benefits (Granato, 2010). Various randomised controlled trials have shown that in children with acute diarrhoea, probiotics has reduced the duration of diarrhoea by reducing stool frequency. It has shown to be a safe intervention however the size of the

Children's health is affected by ecological conditions as well as by their family's socioeconomic status (Timaeus and Lush,1995). Socioeconomic issues do not directly affect the risk of diarrhoea; rather influence family behavior, which modify the child's spotlight to pathogens and susceptibility to infection (Van Derslice et al.,1994). Also, people who visit foreign

A 2004 paper on Acute Infectious Diarrhoea and Dehydration in Children by Elizabeth J Elliott and Jacqueline R Dalby-Payne identified that

It is possible that people do not wash their hands as often as they should. Handwashing prevents both diarrhoea and respiratory infections effectively whendone properly and at

JOINT EFFECTS OF COMPLIANCE AND EFFICACY OF SOLAR DISINFECTION OF DRINKING WATER ON CHILDHOOD DIARRHOEA:

Kimani, E. W and Ngindu A M (2007) “Quality of water the Slum Dwellers Use. The case of a Kenyan Slums.” Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine.