Research on the Effects of Japanese Quails Exposure to Synthetics Hormones

1. Based on the information provided about the regulation of testosterone secretion, propose a testable hypothesis to explain how trenbolone acetate caused Frank’s testicles to shrink.

Another importance of animal testing is this testing makes large contribution in toxicity; a study of harmful effects of chemical substance on living organisms besides finding cure for human diseases (The MSPCA–Angell, 2013). In fact, Daston, Procter and Gamble made a clarification in their article of Alternatives in Reproductive Toxicity: A Way Forward, that animal tests are being relied on for the prediction of potential harm of chemicals which may affect human reproductive system. This is because, as some animals and human have identical characteristics in complex body system, animal tests that is conducted for evaluating toxicity of reproductive are designed to apply on the complete reproductive cycle. Those three authors also added that animal testing become a medium for good prediction of toxicity as animal body systems are as complex as human’s. Rather than testing the chemical substances on human which is used for predicting potential harmful effects on body system, animal testing is the most appropriate and safest medium to save human lives.

The process by which certain birds form attachments during a critical period very early in life is called:

When fresh G.semen homogenate (“FH” treatments) was used we also observed the slight increase of daphnids body length after 72 h exposure (Fig. 5), but it was not statistically significant (P=0.108 – 0.231, Mann-Whitney U

weighs 70 kg. These results do not account for the levels of toxicity in women,

The steps and action foreshadowing steroids can be traced back to 1849, when a German scientist named Arnold Adolph Berthold conducted tests and experiments on Cockerels, concluding that their male testicles contain the necessary factors that make them male. This revelation may not attribute to the direct creation of anabolic steroids, however it casts’ a light towards understanding anabolic steroids and must not be dismissed.

Hormones affect our bodies more than we could ever think. In the 1730’s the voice of a grown man by the name of Farinelli an opera singer caught the attention of many. He was castrated before puberty in order to maintain his voice. When a boy reaches puberty his voice changes but Farinelli’s didn’t because of this castration. Castration is the removal of the testes. A lot of people would ask how the testes could affect so many different parts of the body. Arnold Berthold did an experiment on chickens to see how castration changes the body. He wanted to see if he could hold or reverse the effects of castration. He took the testes from cockerels and transplanted them in the abdomen of other cockerels. Surprisingly it showed that it would maintain their sexual activity and their aggressive behavior, this is how Berthold answer the question of how the testicles could affect other parts of the body. This showed that whatever was happening was happening through the blood. We now know that his finding were the release of testosterone from the testicles. Then came along the experiment of Brown Sequard, a scientist that thought he had found a method on how to rejuvenate old men. He mixed together blood of the testicular veins, semen and juice

In male patients, testosterone also helps the male reproductive organs. Mistaken as only a male hormone, testosterone is also found in females. Although for females it is in lower dosages or smaller amounts. The average adult male in one day can produce a total amount anywhere from 2.5-11 milligrams of testosterone. An average steroids abuser injects themselves with 100 or more milligrams of testosterone a day (Anabolic Steroids). Originally, steroids were developed to increase strength of German soldiers in the 1930’s during World War II (Anabolic Steroids). Modern medicine restricts the use of anabolic steroids with only a couple exceptions such as bone marrow stimulations, growth stimulations, stimulations of appetite, and perseveration of muscle mass. Anabolic steroids also are used to help treat breast cancer and angioedema which side effects can result in swelling of the face, arms, legs, throat, windpipe, bowels, or sexual organs(Anabolic Steroids). There are many different types of steroids some of the most common legal types in the United States including boldenone (Equipoise), ehtlestrenol (Maxibolin), fluoxymesterone (Halotestin), methandriol, methandrostenolone (Diannabol), methyltestosterone, nandrolone, (Dyrabolin DecaDurabolin), oxandrolone (Anavar), oxymetholone (Anadrol), stanozolol (Winstrol), testosterone including sustanon, and trenbolone (Finajet). This is not including the many illegal imitation anabolic

Fry and Toone (1986) found when they inject fertilised seabird eggs with DDT and its metabolites. The male chicks produced have varying degrees of intersexuality depending on dosage, reproductive system with both male and female structures. The female chicks had a partial to full developed right oviducts, instead of just left functional structures. In the area where the eggs were collected, there was multiple female-female pairing and low hatchability of eggs. Males exposed as embryos to estrogenic pesticides showed decreased to no sexual behaviour. (Fry and Toone, 1981) Louis Guillette noticed that male alligators from Lake Apopka in Florida have vestigial penis, follicle-like testis and elevated estrogens/testosterone ratios and the female hatching’s ovaries were producing multiple egg follicles and eggs with several nuclei (Luoma, 1995, Guillette et al., 1995) The females also had above normal estrogens levels. When he and his colleagues did a similar injection study with DDT and DDE, they produced results similar to those found in the field. The reduction in penis length and the abnormal gonads made the hatchlings reproductively incapable. Both the bird and alligator studies were prompted by the contamination of large water bodies by organochlorins and the low breeding success of the animals living and feeding in these areas.

Back in the 1950s, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)had made the improvements lots of steroid hormone drugs that can be used in animals like cattle and sheep, also for natural estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and their own synthetic versions. These drugs gains the animals’ growth rate and the efficiency by which they had convert the feed they eat into meat.

The impact of certain estrogenic xenobiotics on the reproductive system development and health of animals has been clearly documented. Findings, such as ours demonstrate thathumans are also exposed at risk. As data accumulate regarding to infertility, genital tract malformations and increasing cancer rates in estrogen target tissues (especially the breast),

In studying Bali it is easy for an anthropologist to overlook cockfighting and "aside from a few passing remarks, the cockfight has barely been noticed" (276). However through Geertz's observation he believes that the cockfighting has much more depth to it and it is not the cocks that are fighting, "actually, it is men" (276). In Bali animals are not portrayed as beautiful creatures but detested as representing demons. Much of Balinese life is adjusted to prevent any association with animals so they will "file the child's teeth" at a young age and eat "hurriedly and privately" because they believe it is beast-like (278). The Balinese are "aversive to animals," so why are they so involved with cockfights? Geertz believes the male Balinese identify with cocks as what they "most fear, hate, and are fascinated by – The Powers of Darkness" (278). Rather than treating the cocks cruelly like any other animal, they treat them with a tremendous amount of care and respect, even beyond that of fellow humans. Geertz as an anthropologist is capable of recognizing this relationship between the Balinese men and their fascination with cocks and how it has an affect on their culture.

Both glands produce two distinct hormones, but produce differing amounts of each hormone. Masculine hormones such as androgens and testosterone are predominately produced by male testes. These hormones at high levels can be related to aggressive behavior regardless of sex, but high levels are most commonly found in males. High levels of feminine hormones or estrogen, most commonly found in females, have recently been linked to aggressive behavior as well. While high levels of estrogen in females and high levels of testosterone in males have been linked to aggressive behavior, normal levels of these hormones have been known to cause aggression as well. Although these hormones have been related to human behavior, scientists have concluded that these hormones alone do not dictate behavior (Morris & Maisto, 2005).

The herbicide atrazine has been shown to affect the reproductive system development in rats. Mothers were dosed with atrazine and their offspring showed a delay in vaginal opening in the females and a higher incidence of prostate inflammation in the males. Atrazine has also been shown to affect hormone metabolism in women, which may have possible implications for breast

The aim of this practical was to discover the effects that numerous hormones and drugs have on