Neurotransmitter and Maximal Contractile Response Essay

solutions and recorded our results and placed the Daphnia in the recovery tank. After completing the caffeine series, we obtained a the second set of drugs. This time instead of using caffeine we used varied concentrations of alcohol 2%, 4% and 6% using the same method as the caffeine procedure. Again recording our results and placing the Daphnia in the recovery tank when finished.

The purpose of the experiment was to examine the effects of certain drugs, like alcohol or caffeine, on the heart of a Daphnia magna. From what is known about our hearts, I hypothesized that the Daphnia magna would have a stimulant reaction to both alcohol and caffeine. To begin the experiment we had to prepare the organism to have a clear reading and obtain a control group. Once she was ready, we applied the drug to the organism and counted its heart beat for ten seconds, we did this procedure a total of three times for both caffeine and alcohol. As a result, the Daphnia magna caffeine treatment heart rate is considerably higher than the control heart rate and lower than the alcohol treatment.

What effect would adding HCl or NaOH to the liver or potato have? Clearly explain your reasoning.

The control of gastric secretions happens when the secretion of the gastric juice by the stomach is stimulated by both of the nerves and the hormones. There are three phases in which this happens;

The dose was calculated from the Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs by taking the mild treatment for dehydration 50 mL/kg. I used this value since TA’s diarrhea was mild. TA’s weight is 14.54 kg; this value is used to get the mL value to administer (727 mL). Then converted to fluid ounces for ease of patient understanding (24.57 fluid ounces). So I took this value and divided it by four hours to get the dose per hour. This resulted to 6.14 fluid ounces which I rounded down to 6 fluid ounces per hour.

4. Describe the hormonal control of the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice during the digestive process.

The period of time between when a stimulus occurs and when the body elicits a response is called the latent period or reaction time. These times can vary for different stimuli and from person to person. The BIOPAC student manual states that the most important factor that contributes to reaction times is the mechanism behind synaptic transmission. This involves a presynaptic neuron communicating with a postsynaptic neuron via neurotransmitter release. When neurotransmitters are released, they can cause the postsynaptic neuron to have an increase or decrease in excitability, which then factors into the response of the brain. The changes in the release of neurotransmitters can be acute or chronic, and synaptic transmission itself can be inhibited or facilitated by certain factors.

C. Based on the graph, was the dosage too high, too low, or just right? Explain.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is an essential, independent system of monitoring and control regulating nutrient absorption, secretion, motility, blood flow, and sensation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (reviewed by Beattie and Smith, 2008; Molderings, 2012). The ENS consists of more than 100 million neurons scattered throughout the gut in clusters called ganglia, which innervate adjacent tissues and organs, including the esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and gallbladder. At the molecular level, more than 30 transmitters and cotransmitters have been identified, including serotonin. As is the case with the central nervous system (CNS) (reviewed by Gillette, 2006), the main role that serotonin plays in the gut is neuromodulatory (reviewed by Molderings, 2012). In particular, the enteric serotonergic pathways are important for regulating smooth muscle tone, peristalsis, secretion, and sensation (reviewed by Beattie and Smith, 2008).

Number needed to treat for i.v. acetaminophen was 12.3 (7.6–32.3) for nausea and 14.2 (8.3–

The purpose of this experiment was to identify how open and closed circulatory systems respond to chemical stimulants. During this experiment a ghost shrimp represented the open circulatory system, while the black worm represented the closed circulatory system. For each organism there resting heart rates were recorded by count the number of pulsations the organism had under a microscope. First, the shrimp and the worm were treated with caffeine, and then their heart rate was recorded after the organisms were exposed to the treatment for three minutes. The organisms were removed from the caffeine, and were given time to return back to their resting heart rates. The shrimp and the worm were then exposed to ethanol, and there hear rates were recorded again.

Add 5mL of gastric juices (contains both pepsin solution and HCl) to test tube 3

“For procedures, refer to Lab 6, Activity 2, in the Anatomy and Physiology Lab Manual.”

Pinnington, N., Elliott, A., Sciences, F. of L., Manchester and Kingdom, U. (2007) Proceedings of the physiological society. Available at: http://www.physoc.org/proceedings/abstract/Proc%20Physiol%20Soc%208PC39 (Accessed: 3 March 2016).

3. A few drops of 6 M acetic acid were added until it became basic.