Rota Virus

* Flaviviruses: share a common size (40-60nm), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single stranded RNA approximately 10,000-11,000 bases), and appearance in the electron microscope. Therefore, images of West Nile virus are representative for this group of viruses.

Viruses are microscopic particles that invade and take over both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They consist of two structures, which are the nucleic acid and capsid. The nucleic acid contains all genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA, and is enclosed in the capsid, which is the protein coating that helps the virus attach to and penetrate the host cell. In some cases, certain viruses have a membrane surrounding the capsid, called an envelope. This structure allows viruses to become more stealthy and protected. There are two cycles in which a virus can go into: lytic and lysogenic. The lytic cycle consists of the virus attaching to a cell, injecting its DNA, and creating more viruses, which proceed to destroy the host. On the other hand, the lysogenic cycle includes the virus attaching to the cell, injecting its DNA, which combines with the cell’s DNA in order for it to become provirus. Then, the provirus DNA may eventually switch to the lytic cycle and destroy the host.

RSV belongs to the paramyxovirus family of viruses. The virion encompasses a helical nucleocapsid packaged in a lipoprotein envelope attained from the host cell plasma membrane during budding. The external surface of the envelope contains a periphery of surface spikes.

The virus fuses with the cell’s plasma membrane. The capsid proteins are removed, releasing the viral proteins and RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a second DNA strand complementary to the first. The double-stranded DNA is incorporated as a provirus into the cell’s DNA. Proviral genes are transcribed into RNA molecules, which serve as genomes for the next viral generation and as mRNAs for translation into viral proteins. The viral proteins include capsid proteins and reverse transcriptase (made in the cytosol) and envelope glycoproteins (made in the ER). Vesicles transport the glycoproteins from the ER to the cell’s plasma membrane. Capsids are assembled around viral genomes and reverse transcriptase molecules. New viruses bud off from the host cell.

The beginning of my week started out with a very stressful situation that led me to an obstacle that I would have to overcome. The weather was miserable and that intensified how I felt. It was windy and pouring rain as I drove to the veterinarian's office in a panic. The problem was that our puppy suddenly became ill with virus like symptoms and appeared to be dying. I knew what the culprit was and have seen how horrible canine parvo virus can be. My next few decisions would reveal the puppies fate.

Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.

Sherin Cheriyan, majoring in Biology and on the Physician Assistant Track at Seton Hall University is a member of the Martin Luther King Jr. Scholarship Association, Class of 2019. A resident of Newington, Connecticut, she hopes to address racial stereotypes, gender discrimination, celebrate diversity, and help underprivileged communities through Martin Luther King Jr. Scholarship programs. The Magnum Opus she intends to publish is a program centered on younger children to bring awareness to stereotypes in society and the psychological effects of stereotypes on the victims of racism. The program will include academic workshops, including tests and role play to bring awareness to how conscious and unconscious racism can affect a person and their

Smallpox is a highly contagious infectious disease. The type of microbe for smallpox is the Variola virus. Smallpox is caused by either the Variola major or the Variola Minor. This virus is spread by direct contact. The disease was likely to be in human populations about 10,000 BC. An epidemic broke out in 1519 with the Aztecs and the Conquistadors in Tenochtitlan Mexico. The epidemic killed a total of twenty five percent of the Aztecs population leaving it easy for Cortes and the conquistadors to take over the desired

RSV is caused by TLR3 activation. It initiates infections by binding to a cellular receptor and then the viral envelope fuses with the plasma membrane. The virus attaches the cell through the main protein, the G protein and fuses with the plasma membrane of the host cell through the F protein. After penetration, the nucleocapsid of the virus is released into the cytoplasm where replication occurs (3). The viral RNA is like a template for mRNA (3). The mRNA’s job is to translate the viral proteins and complementary RNA serves as a template for virion RNA

There is still a great deal of information to learn from the study of viruses and the continued exploration of the viral genome is crucial in understanding how viruses communicate, transmit from host to host and evade immune responses. The ever-change nature of the viral genome has shown us that the most dangerous viral infections of today may be undermined by newer and more effective viruses, resulting in catastrophic outcomes. Through the study of viruses, it is the hope of the scientific community to be ahead of the viral curve, preventing infections before they even

Our skin protects the body from various conditions such as, the skin helps to keep our body warm. However, as our body gets older, the skin becomes thinner and weaker making it hard for our body to retain heat. So it is possible that Vanessa’s grandmother is still feeling cold in a warm house because her skin is weaken making it harder for her body temperature to be warm.

The norovirus is small and round. It is only 27-35 nm in diameter. The virus contains a single- stranded RNA genome. Noroviruses are divided into five genogroups, G1- G5. Of these five genogroups, only G1, G2, and G4 are known to infect humans. G2 is the most common in adult cases of gastroenteritis. 1 “Noroviruses are not enveloped and contain an outer protein capsid encapsulating an RNA genome.”2

The influenza virus is part of the Orthomyxoviridae family and is spherical in shape with many spike-like projections of glycoproteins HA. The viral core is composed of eight negative-sense, single

Once tightly bound the virus is endocytosed via coated vesicles. The virus is transported into late endosomes which acidify their content and hence induce conformational rearrangement of HA exposing the fusiogenic peptide sequence. The loop region of the HA becomes a coiled coil that mediates membrane fusion. The release of viral genome into the cytoplasm also requires protons that are pumped from the acidic endosome into the virion interior via the matrix protein M2 that acts as a proton channel. Viral RNA dissociates from M1 and is then imported in an ATP-dependent manner into the nucleus for transcription and translation. In humans, the replication of the influenza virus is usually restricted to the airways epithelial cells due to the limited expression of a serine protease, produced by nonciliated bronchial epithelial cells and which cleaves the HA precursor in HA1 and HA2 polypeptides, rendering the virions infectious. Replication and virions production occurs within hours after virus entry. The viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complexes are released from the endosomes into the cytoplasm and subsequently transported to the nucleus, where replication and transcription take

This little package of mayhem consists of relatively few parts. A virus is simply a protein capsule called a capsid, sometimes surrounded by an envelope, containing a genome. The genome consists of nucleic acids arranged as DNA or less commonly, RNA. Dozens of variants of this fundamental arrangement exist with differences in the structure of the capsule and the arrangement of the genome. Small differences or changes in these components allow some viruses to continue to outmaneuver researchers, while millions of dollars are spent trying to understand and eliminate them.