Separation Of The Proteins Involved

29. If all the 280 million molecules of hemoglobin contained in RBCs were free in the plasma,

The proteins of Bovine red blood cell (RBC) membranes were analyzed using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After analyzing Bovine RBC they were then compared to human RBC counterpart. Following finding the log of each molecular weight of each band, band one showed the highest molecular weight. All five bands viewed were from humans. There are typically 7 bands visible however, in our case only five were visible due to implications within the gel sample.

Methemoglobinemia is a hemoglobinopathy where the concentration of methemoglobin in the blood is more than 1% of the total hemoglobin [3]. Normal hemoglobin has a reduced ferrous iron (Fe 2+) while methemoglobin has an oxidized ferric iron (Fe 3+). The change in valence prevents methemoglobin from being able to carry oxygen [4, 9]. There are mechanisms in place to reduce the amount of methemoglobin in the blood [2]. Cytochrome b5-Methemoglobin reductase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) methemoglobin reductase enzymes are responsible for reducing the amount of methemoglobin in the blood [9].

Hemoglobin is the main substance of the red blood cell. It helps red blood cells carry oxygen from the air in our lungs and releases the oxygen to all parts of the body. From this, normal red blood cells are flexible and round, moving easily through blood vessels.

Describe the function and phylogenetic relationship of a vertebrate globin Storz et al. 2013: Anna – hemoglobin; Ethan – myoglobin;

When a subunit binds to oxygen, it changes it conformation and sends messages to other subunits to bind to oxygen as well. When more hemoglobin monomers (subunits) bind to oxygen, it is increasing hemoglobin’s affinity to oxygen, thus leading to better cooperativity. It was also discovered that there is a higher affinity for purified hemoglobin rather than the hemoglobin inside the red blood cells due to the anionic compound 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG). This molecule binds to hemoglobin in a small pocket only found in the T state when it is deoxygenized and allows it become stable. It further causes a reduction in hemoglobin’s affinity to oxygen, working out in its favor. During the transition from T to R state, the pocket containing 2,3-BPG is broken and

Bilirubin is a component of the red blood cells, the erythrocytes, is made by the reduction of biliverdin by biliverdin reductase. [5] When bilirubin is released from the red blood cells into the circulatory system, the bilirubin will bind to albumin and become indirect bilirubin. This is to allow it to travel through the bloodstream as plasma is of an unsuitable condition for bilirubin to travel though unbound as bilirubin is water insoluble. The level of indirect bilirubin is one of the components measured in this experiment. The ideal range of indirect bilirubin concentration in the body is 0–20µmol/L as according to the practical manual.

It has been observed in patients with rare alterations of b-thalassemias, such as deletions, resulting in a continuous expression of the fetal hemoglobin, which has led in these patients the ability to overcome the usual clinical manifestations of this syndrome. (4-7) After these initial observations, it was later discovered that insufficient production of b-globin chain in infants with B-thalassemia can be compensated by incrementing the production of the B-like globin, g-globin. The g-globin can pair up with the a-gobin chains to form HbF. This increased fetal hemoglobin can provide a balanced recovery caused by the deficiency in adult hemoglobin that leads to inefficient erythropoiesis, elevated hemolysis, and a decreased survival of red blood cells. (4) With this in mind, new studies have been focused in examining the mechanisms that precede natural higher levels of

The purpose of this lab was to understand the effect of molecular size and polarity on the ability of certain molecules to pass through the membrane of red blood cells. The lab involved a series of propanol test solutions containing 4 mL of 0.3M propanol, propanediol, or propanetriol, and 12 mL of bovine blood. The test tube was held up in front of a slit lamp to measure the hemolysis time of the bovine blood. The slit lamp consisted of a light source positioned behind a piece of cardboard with a hole in which a thread was suspended. The light from the lamp illuminates the culture tube, allowing the thread to be seen once hemolysis occurs. The results are shown in Figure 1.

The other type of artificial blood is more of a blood substitute as it is derived from either outdated bovine or human red blood cells. It is known as Hemoglobin Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOC), Hemoglobin which is the oxygen carrying protein molecule found in red blood cells is extracted from the obsolete red blood cells through ultrafiltration and purification. The Hemoglobin must undergo specific processes in an attempt to prevent the Hemoglobin from disassociating from its natural four-chain configuration (Fridey 3). There is numerous methods of chemically altering the Hemoglobin to increase the molecules size so it does not dissociate and break down. The two main processes of enlarging the

Blood is a substance found in organisms that play a role in the transportation of oxygen and nutrients through the organism to its muscles and organs (Unknown, 2017). Blood consists of red blood cells (RBC) which make up to 45% of the volume and transports oxygen, white blood cells that is used to protect the body from infections and then the rest consists of water, ions, platelets and nutrients that is regulated throughout the body (Campbell et al., 2008). The amount of heamogloban in organisms differ depending on gender with males tending to have more red blood cell than females (Merritt et al., 2014). Blood is divided into four types (A, B, AB, O) which depends on the antigen and Rh factor on the surface of the RBC (Campbell et al., 2008).

To study the red blood cell membrane proteins, cytoskeleton proteins, and lipid raft proteins, white ghosts and membrane ghost were prepared from the subjects’ and pateints’ blood samples. The ghosts and skeletons were analyzed on SDS-PAGE Laemmli-exponential gels and immunoblots under reducing and non-reducing environments. Oxidative data was collected from an Oxidation Detection Kit from Chemicon. Protein bands were viewed by using digital scanning densitometry software.

Thalassemia is basically a name for similar groups of inherited blood diseases that involve missing or abnormal genes regarding the protein in hemoglobin which is the red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. I will discuss the different types of Thalassemia, how Thalassemia is diagnosed, and the treatments available. I will also discuss the complications and side effects of the treatments, the disease’s causes and effects, and how it is more dominant in some parts of the world than others. Thalassemia is a blood disorder which means the body makes fewer healthy red blood cells and less hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen throughout the body and having less hemoglobin leads to anemia. Alpha globin and beta

The blood is one of the most essential parts of a working circulatory system. The eight too ten pints of blood is the sticky, red liquid that is constantly flowing through our veins, carrying nutrients and oxygen to tissues found throughout the body. The hypothalamus part of the brain is known as the regulating system for the entire body. This is what keeps our blood at a normal temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Although blood is always red, it may appear to be different colors (blue, dark red, possibly even greenish). This is caused by the amount of oxygen found in the blood as it flows through our veins. Less oxygen leads to a darker cooler tone, and even the blue color. The blood is composed of red and white blood cells, platelets, plasma, and hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a complex protein made of iron that attaches itself to the red blood cells, which are carrying oxygen to the body cells, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. White blood cells destroy disease-causing toxins and bacteria from the blood. Plasma, is the the clear fluid where the red and white blood cells are found. Plasma carries food and other useful substances to the cells and removes carbon dioxide. Smaller than the blood cells, platelets contribute to the blood clotting process.

The condition of Beta-thalassemia is characterised by the reduction of beta+ or absence of beta0 of the beta globin chains (Shawky et al, 2012). In beta-thalassemia, there are three major clinical conditions recognised which are ; beta-thalassemia carrier, beta-thalassemia intermediate and beta-thalassemia major of which carrier being the mildest and major being the more severe condition. The severity of this condition is characterised by the extent of imbalance between the alpha globin and the non-alpha globin chain (Cao et al, 2010).