SOAR Research Paper: Theories of Autism Autism is known as a profound neural development disorder marked by an inability to communicate and interact with others. In many families, there appears to be a pattern of autism or related disabilities, further supporting the theory that the disorder has a genetic basis. (Autism and Neurodevelopment) While no one gene has been identified as causing autism, researchers are searching for irregular segments of genetic code that children with autism may have inherited. Autism symptoms and their severity vary widely across these three core areas. (After the Diagnosis) Together, they may result in relatively mild challenges for someone on the high functioning end of the autism spectrum. While …show more content…
Because it is now agreed on by researchers that children with Autism and PDD are born with the disorder or born with the potential to develop it, psychological factors have been completely ruled out, to the benefit of families that are dealing with an autistic child.Decades of research have shown that males are at far greater risk for neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder than females.
Autism was discovered back then when many doctors did studies and clinical trials on young patients. Eugen Bleuler coined the word "autism" in 1908 among severely withdrawn schizophrenic patients. In 1943 American child psychiatrist Leo Kanner studied 11 children. From the early 1900s, autism has referred to a range of neuropsychological conditions. The word "autism" comes from the Greek word "autos," which means "self." It describes conditions in which a person is removed from social interaction. In other words, he becomes an “isolated self.” Over time, psychiatrists have developed a systematic way of describing autism and related conditions. All of these conditions are placed within a group of conditions called Autism Spectrum Disorders. (Learn more about Treatment of Autism’s Core Symptoms and Treatment of Associated Medical Conditions) Depending on how severe symptoms are, they are classified under level 1, 2 or 3.
Autism is a complex developmental disability that causes problems with social interaction and communication. Symptoms usually start before age three and can cause delays or problems in many different skills that develop from infancy to adulthood. Disorders included in the Autism Spectrum are Autistic Disorder, Asperger’s Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. Rett’s syndrome and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder are among the list of related disorders, but are not included in this spectrum. There are no treatments bio-medically,
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a growing problem throughout the entire globe. Autism Spectrum Disorder is defined as deficits in social reciprocity and communication, as well as unusual, restricted and repetitive behaviors (Lord). Such behaviors may include running back and forth, excessive cleaning, noises, and clapping. These also vary greatly with age and ability, and the notion of ASD has been introduced to recognize these diversities (Firth). Autism was first discovered in 1943 when Leo Kanner observed 11 children with several common traits such as, impairments in social interaction, anguish for changes, good memory, belated echolalia, over sensitivity to certain stimuli (especially sound), food problems, limitations in spontaneous activity,
Autism has undergone significant definition changes in the past. The term was first used in 1912 by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler from the Greek word for self—autos—in his description of patients with “schizophrenic thinking divorced from both logic and reality” (Rorvik 249). However, an established set of guidelines for diagnosis would not be established until 1943, when Leo Kanner, a German émigré to the United States, wrote “Autistic Disturbances of Affective Content”, a landmark essay in which he “described eleven children who, from infancy, had seemed to cut off from their parents…[and] existed in their own, often impenetrable world” (Pollak 250). The common features that he noticed in those eleven children were
Some of you all may or may not know what autism is but In this paper, I will be explain what it is, what to look for when becoming known of the disorder and treatments just like if I was writing an informative brochure. Now the first thing you need to know about Autism known as (ASD) is what it is; It is a range of complex neurodevelopment disorders, characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. Experts measure that 1 out of 88 children will be diagnosed with (ASD). As of the autism affecting people it is more likely to happen in males then in female children starting from the age of 16 months on up. Autism itself does not affect life expectancy, however
The word Autism was first used in 1908 by a psychiatrist named Eugen Bleular. He first used it to describe one of his schizophrenic patients. The patient had withdrawn into his own world and Bleular was concerned. He began to research and found that the greek word “autos” means self. Bleular used the word “autism” to mean morbid self-admiration and withdrawn within self (Mandal).
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is the umbrella diagnosis for all disorders ranging from Asperger’s to autism itself. There are varying degrees of autism, and people can describe this as being “on the spectrum”. Autism is a mental disorder that is characterized by difficulty in both communication and with forming relationships with peers (Autism Speaks). Researchers believe that before the pattern of symptoms now known as autism existed within societies, people did exist with this disorder but were instead classified as mentally retarded and deemed insane (Bettelheim). Autism itself was not named a disorder until around the year of 1943 by Leo Kanner when he published a paper describing how he had noticed a certain pattern of symptoms within children who had previously been diagnosed as either disturbed or mentally insane
Over the years autism has changed tremendously. According to an article titled “History of Autism” the term autism was first coined by Eugen Bleuler from the Greek word “autos” meaning self and was originally referred to as “an escape from reality.” In its early history autism was first said to be caused by parents who were rigid, cold, detached and perfectionist by Dr. Leo Kanner. However, in the 1960’s scientific methods were introduced into how autism was studied. Furthermore in 1964 Dr. Bernard Rimland decided to challenge previous theories and the first epidemiological study was conducted. Dr. Rimland screened 78,000 children between the ages of 8 and 10 for indications of autism; the results found that 4.5 in 10,000 children had this syndrome with higher incidences in males. In 1968 and 1971 comparative studies were conducted that validated the syndrome and its features by Dr. Michael Rutter to include that behavioral approaches were the best teaching methods for these children.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a relatively new diagnoses within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5) created by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). ASD is a combination of multiple disorders that were deemed to have similar criteria and therefor too difficult to adequately give different diagnoses. The original discovery and diagnostic criteria for autism was by Leo Kanner around 1943 and remained unchallenged for the next two decades (Verhoeff, 2013, p. 449). Since then the topic has received a large increase in research on etiology and significant changes of the
Primarily, information on Autism as found on ProQuest database states that Autism was recorded for the first time in 1798, coined as a term in 1912, and classified as a distinct diagnostic category in the DSM-III in 1980. Originally, this disorder coincided with the symptoms of schizophrenia, including extreme unresponsiveness towards other people, severe communication deficits, and repetitive behaviors. However, the 20th century diagnosis changed to divide Autism and Schizophrenia into separate disorders as other symptoms emerged, such as language delays, desiring isolation, and relating only to objects at selective times. Over the years, the name has remained unaltered. As found in Chapter 14 of our textbook,
According to google “Autism is a mental condition that affects how one interacts”. The doctor who first described Autism was Eugen Bleuler in 1943. He also discovered that Autism and Schizophrenia are related. This doctor was a Swiss psychiatrist. Symptoms start to show around the age of 3 if not sooner. “It is shown by difficulty in communicating and forming relationships with others and in using language and weird concepts”.
Autism is characterized by a few distinctive symptoms, including impaired social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Though every person will exhibit these symptoms in varying degrees along a spectrum, boys are at higher risk for ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) than girls. The exact reason behind this is unknown, but one theory states that girls are under diagnosed. The reason for this could be due to differences in parts of the brains of autistic girls and boys, which can cause them to exhibit symptoms differently.
Alongside the overarching male dominance in diagnosis, there is a greater disparity in the male-female differential for high functioning autism and Aspergers, than for individuals with a comorbid intellectual disability (Fombonne, 1999; Fombonne et al., 2011). The higher prevalence of autism in males at the high functioning end, compared to those with intellectual disability, led to researchers to
The word autism was first used in 1908 to explain the unsociable and introverted behaviors of patients. In 1938 Donald T. was known as the first autistic child observed and written about. Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger both state that they explored autism in their individual articles published 1943 and 1944 respectively, however, there is some debate about the true founder of ASD. Leo Kanner, Austrian-born American child psychiatrist, published The Nervous Child (1943) which analysed 11 children who displayed “a powerful desire for aloneness” and “an obsessive insistence on persistent sameness.” these children were still extremely intelligent in certain aspects. A “milder” condition of autism was described by an Austrian-born German scientist,
autism was first described in the 1940s. Leo Kanner in the United States and Hans Asperger in Austria independently published papers describing children with severe social and communicative impairments. Both Kanner and Asperger used the term "autism" (meaning “alone”) to describe the syndromes they had identified. Kanner described children who had impoverished social relationships from early in life, employed deviant language, and were subject to behavioral stereotypies. Asperger’s description identified children with normal IQs and normal language development who suffered from social and some types of communicative impairments. (slaughter)
Autism is a rare disease that has been noticed for centuries. The purest form of autism (high IQ and almost normal behavior yet still self-contained) occurs in about “one in 2,000 people”. When the many other forms of autism are added in, the ratio is “one in 750”. Autism is found in every race, ethnic group, nation, and social standing, although “males outnumber females by four or five times” (“Autistic Disorder” – 2).