Soviet Nationality Policy

This policy stated, a “... plan to keep Communism from spreading to politically unstable countries” (Glider-Lehrman). Relating back to previous points, the Soviets were only looking to find ways to defend their country after the mass destruction WWII caused. In doing so, the USSR needed to rely on other countries around them to be loyal to their government. By

The Jews were moved into the ghettos to be isolated from everyone else and be rounded up into an all Jewish group (Altman

trying to regulate and limit the attacks that were going on. While they had put specific authorities in the country responsible for regulating the pogroms and putting their jobs at stake to do so. The Russian Jews were slowly seceding themselves from the mainland socially and economically. That is when they were being encouraged to think about emigration into different lands, in which the United States was a perfect opportunity for them to get away. Not all of them were successful in doing so, their other options were creating religious reforms or hoping that the Tsar government would create a more liberalizing reform. (Klier)

Jews are human beings with their own history, philosophy, and eccentricities. They are a people apart from others not because of their separate religious beliefs, but because they are an ancient cultivating group of people who have their original antiquities. At the end of the 19th century, millions of Jews are living throughout Europe, and many Jews still do not have the freedoms of movement and live in areas where the government gives them special authorization. Anti-Semitism exists all in the nineteenth century European societies. During the First World War, large Jewish communities advance around the capitals. This concentration of Jewish population in large cities have a strong impact on their lifestyle and make them more visible in the

In addition laws were passed that punished the Jews for the pogroms. This led to restrictions on Jewish landownership, prohibited Jews from living in villages, and the number of Jews studying in secular schools was limited to 10% in the Pale of Settlement and 3-5% everywhere else. These laws were strictly applied by the police, which lead to the Jews being embittered to the Russian society. Subsequently In 1891, Jews were systemically expelled from Moscow in 1891

Jews in Russia were forced into the Pale. Meanwhile, in the United States, a group of Jews established the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society which provided immigrants with clothing, shelter, and other necessities. Jews were drawn to the big cities in search of opportunities for a better livelihood (Feinstein Oct/12/2017). Consequently, the First and Second Aliyah to Palestine represented an open gate to new possibilities in Israel. However, the Second Aliyah was a combination of both Zionist sentiment and the violence that was ongoing in the Czar Empire. The Zionist movement had the chance of infusing the sentiment of a homeland once Russia became more restrictive and discriminatory against the Jewish community. According to the Ministry of Aliyah and Integration, the Second Aliyah immigrants established several kibbutzim and strengthen the Hebrew language. Some immigrants settled in what is known now as Tel Aviv and other decided to move across the Atlantic to the United States. By 1903, the Kishinev pogrom kills 49 Jews and wounds 92 during a massive attack against the Jews that got international attention. This pogrom was a key event that motivated Jews from leaving Russia for the Palestine or West.

In this reflection paper I will be reflecting on the Jewish Americans making America their home and Americans response to the Holocaust. I will first address how the Jewish Americans emigrated from other nations into the United States. Once they got here what they had to do to become Americans but also keeping their Jewish identity visible. I will then talk about the Americans Response to the Holocaust and supply information about Jews in the Holocaust also including my thoughts on the Holocaust by ending in my conclusion. The reason for immigrating to America is the endless opportunities and immense freedom.

By analyzing Rose Cohen’s autobiography, “Out of the Shadow”, it uncovers the various social and economical hardships that Russian-Jews faced living in America. Even though adapting to a new life in America came with many obstacles for Jews, Rose’s story shows that many of them made it through their hardships and ultimately overcame their adversities. Rose Cohen’s autobiography serves as a great resource as to what Jewish life was in everyday America during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century.

The authors classify the second response to the ultimatum as an assimilationist response; it is the negotiation of the Jewish difference. The creation of the new nation-state allowed Jews to privatize their religious differences, which meant Judaism would be tolerated as long as it was an individual’s personal faith. Powers states that the term “assimilationist” can be better understood as “adaptationism.” This is the impulse of Jews to rid or hide any differences in order to adapt into society. “The unending need to identify, vilify, and ultimately negate threatening Jewish difference is the key distinguishing marker of assimilationism as an active, politically salient ideology (Powers, 114).

Life for the Russian Jewry from the period of 1880 to 1920 was not a life desired by anyone. The Jews were forced to live in harsh conditions, lost their ability to have certain jobs, and faced extreme violence from their neighbors, the Russian peasantry. Escaping to America was the only way they could ever live normal and safe lives. Jews were forced to live in the area known as “The Pale of Settlement.” The Pale of Settlement was overcrowded and created poverty among the Jews. These sources show how the immigrants changed the way ethnic groups were, made the societies become equal and diverse, and influenced many cultures

Some thing that I found interesting in the reading Socialist Jews Confront the Pogroms was that the Jewish intelligentsia would abandon their own people and disregard their struggles. Secondly, I found it interesting that the Russian intelligentsia would ignore the pogroms and not do anything about them, they even started supporting them. I found these two things to be interesting because it would be more beneficial to the Russian Socialist to have more people in their revolution regardless of who they were. This would also help further move their agenda along, which was to help the middle class, which a majority of Jews were apart of as well. Some reasonings as to why the Pogroms had happened could be that the Russian elites wanted to scapegoat the Jews in order to prevent the Socialist from overthrowing the Russian government.

What was like for a Soviet Union citizen to be a member of the Communist Party and what did it meant? For a Soviet Union citizen to be a member of the Communist Party it meant to live in constant fear. This paper will be exploring what was it like for a Soviet Union citizen to be a member of the Communist Party and what did it mean to them; the reasons why they were joining.

Altshuler’s purpose of writing this book is to display the Religion and change of identity the of Jewish people in USSR. The author wants to describe the social, political, and economic condition of Jews from 1941 to 1964. Mordechai Altshuler (2012) mentioned that one of the governments’ goal was to isolate the component members of Jews by atomizing the Jewish public (p 81). Decent Jews were persecuted and compelled to live under the threat of losing their identity. They were threatened and forced to leave their original identity and adopt new identity which altered their identity along with lives. According to the author, “In Babi Yar, on the outskirts of town, more than 30,000 Jews were murdered around Yom Kippur 1941 (September 29 – 30),

The scene depicted above has long been seen by western scholars as an example of the artfully created Soviet nationalism that penetrated almost all Soviet Nationalities. A nationalism based on military might and distorted freedom achieved through the communist system it worshiped. The Soviets themselves would refer to it as a patriotism to the unity of socialism and the state that had created it. The people of the Soviet Union were, supposedly, above nationalism by this point. Above the petty bourgeoisie control that created nationalism to enslave the proletariat. It was in ideological terms, patriotism to the working class. This was however, anything but patriotism to class. It was statism to the Soviet Union and all that this condescending

Under Mikhail Gorbachev the Soviet Union underwent massive social, political and economic reform that drifted away from communist ideology and this ultimately lead to the collapse of the Soviet Union and failure of communism in Eastern Europe. This essay will focus on how the Perestroika reform and Glasnost policy programs as well as other external and internal pressures contributed to the failure of communism under Gorbachev. The aim of the Perestroika and Glasnost reforms was to restructure and strengthen the Soviet political and economic system and provide more freedom and democracy within the Soviet Union while strengthening Communism. However, these changes had achieved exactly what they aimed to prevent when they were first elaborated and led to the failure of communism and collapse of the Soviet Union. While focusing on the policies this essay will also focus on the major increase in nationalism that occurred in the Soviet Republics as a result of the Glasnost. External pressure from the western world was also a factor and the role that the United States and the Ronald Reagan administration played in the downfall of communism under Gorbachev will be examined. The essay will also discuss how the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the 1991 Coup d’état led to the failure of the policies and failure of communism.