\chapter{BDT Systematics} % **************************** Define Graphics Path ************************** The main sources of systematics uncertainties come from: \begin{itemize} \item uncertainties in detector acceptances, calibration or resolution, \item uncertainties in the underlying theoretical models, \item mismodeled background, and \item uncertainties in input parameters, e.g. flux uncertainties. \end{itemize} The systematic uncertainties, in an electron anti-neutrino cross section measurement at ND280, will be fully described in~\cref{ch:SysUncertainty}. An important question in the multivariate classification techniques is how to address systematic uncertainties, and if multivariate techniques are more prone to systematics …show more content…
\item The main objective of the analysis is to measure the $\overline{\nu}_e$ cross-section, and the systematics uncertainty on this quantity will be evaluated by MC simulation by varying all the inputs. Hence, a direct measurement of tBDT systematic is not needed. \end{itemize} The second approach is to evaluate the effect of input variables systematic on the performance of the trained BDT, or more precisely on the purity and efficiency of the selection. To achieve these goals, the BDT output distribution and training performance (purity and efficiency of the selection) are calculated using test samples of input variables with all possible systematic variations. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \section{Uncertainty On The BDT Output Distribution} \subsection{Data/MC Agreement} So far, only the detector systematics was taken into consideration, since we are working on the same Monte Carlo (MC). The theoretical model and background systematics are probed by overlaying the BDT output (tBDT) distribution for the simulated signal and background with the tBDT distribution calculated for the data, as shown in~\cref{fig:BDT_tBDT_DataMC}.
The following section will present evidence of attempts at measurement for targets 12.2 through 12.8 inclusively. It should be noted that there is no evidence of current attempts to measure the topics related to 12.6, 12.7, or 12.8.
We picked values for the accelerating voltage and the magnetizing current for each trial and found the radius of the electron beam with each configuration. The error for each measured value was determined by the instrument used and the fluctuation of values. Using these values and Equations 9 and 10, we calculated the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons (e/m). The error for this value was determined by the propagation of uncertainty formula.
When choosing among different metrics to be used, one has to consider the cost of these as well. It has to be kept in mind that each situation requires a different mix metrics to ensure maximum reliability.
[Key words] prediction, multicollinearity, high dimension, principle component analysis, robust regression, ridge regression, linear regression
Many statistical and machine learning algorithms have been employed to solve the problems of data mining and pattern recognition. However, SVM, being based on a strong mathematical foundation was very actively developed classification and regression methodologies due to their robustness. The SVM is known for its margin maximization and systematic nonlinear classification via kernel tricks. SVM was not
The problem of variable selection is always the center of statistical research. Some classical methods like best subset selection, forward selection and backward elimination are proposed to handing massive data set. These methods are basically based on the idea of grid search. For example, the best subset selection searches the optimal model by all possible combination of the predictors. The forward selection find the best model by adding one predictor at each time, while the backward elimination finds the best model by removing one predictor at each time. Although these methods are powerful and accurate, they also cost a lot. For instance, suppose our model has 10 predictors, if we run the best subset selection to get the optimal model, we need to compare 1024 combinations of the predictors. It is unrealistic to perform such method in our real life because it time consuming. As a result, more efficient methods to solve the problem of variable selection are urgently desired.
Automation had positive and insignificant effect on BSC Implementation with a beat value 0.026 at which p(0.257) >0.01).It indicated that only 2.6% of BSC implementation was predicted or determined by automation.
A large body of techniques for carrying out regression analysis has been developed. Familiar methods such as linear regression and ordinary least squares regression are parametric, in that the regression function is defined in terms of a finite number of unknown parameters that are estimated from the data. Nonparametric regression refers to techniques that allow the regression function to lie in a specified set of functions, which may beinfinite-dimensional.
\Cref{fig:UnfTest_CoverageBins} shows the bin-by-bin coverage at 95\% CL, of the unfolded {\color{red} four-bins} momentum distribution of the electron antineutrino.
towards the classification accuracy fitness function. So, the cuckoo search completes the rest of optimization steps with the initial
The proton behavior, on the other hand, exhibited somewhat poorer agreement. The wave intensity calculation showed a qualitatively good agreement especially for early times, but depending on the input parameters, quasilinear theory may predict lower or higher saturation intensity. We also discussed possible cause(s) of various discrepancies, but in an overall sense, we conclude that the so-called macroscopic quasilinear method maybe a useful first-order tool, but with obvious caveats. In particular, it was shown that the parallel proton firehose instability leads to the formation of parallel proton tail, which the simple bi-Maxwellian model cannot explain. (-- removed HTML --)
Initially the silicon feature fluxes were normalised, and then the velocity and equivalent width values were obtained. The same procedure was then performed for the calcium feature. They were normalised due to the peaks surrounding the features having a large variation in flux. This process involved selecting two points on the silicon feature, the peaks either side of the trough. From these points, a simple line fitting procedure created a straight line joining the two. The gradient, intercept of the line and wavelength values combined with the original flux calculated the new flux (equation 2 for details of normalisation).
To access the prediction accuracy of the four classiers and their combinations in the two class classication
The overall collection of software, referred to as CMSSW, is built around a Framework, an Event Data Model (EDM), and Services needed by the simulation, calibration and alignment, and reconstruction modules that process event data so that physicists can perform analysis. The primary goal of the Framework and EDM is to facilitate the development and deployment of reconstruction and analysis software.
Subset search algorithms explore through candidate feature subsets achieved by a certain evaluation measure, those are excellent at capturing the benefaction of each subset. In general, Feature selection methods ought to select the best feature subset from feature space for describing target interpretations (conceptions) of the learning processes. The phases in the process of feature selection are given as follows: 1. Starting Point, 2. Search Strategy, 3. Subset Evaluation, 4. Stopping Criteria. Based on these phases comparative study of feature selection methods is shown in Table 1.There are many widely used methods which are employed to diminish number of features and their result on learning performance have been evaluated and