Street Fighting Years: The 1960s British Student Protests

These movements absolutely have some actions what we cannot accept, but it is not violence. Drug abuse, sex, abortion and other revolt actions, you can say they are criminal, but they do not use force to attack someone. Another side, there are many wars and movements were occurred every decade or couple in the United States, so “violence is American as cherry pie” is not a good description for 1960s. From the middle 1960s to the beginning of 1970s, America waged the Vietnam War which was the longest and the most consumed in the history of America.

The Vietnam War protests and antiwar movement first began in 1964, gained national prominence in 1965, peaked in 1968, and remained strong throughout the rest of the war. In the beginning, the antiwar movement started out with only a small minority of fervent college students, peace activists, hippies, liberals, and pacifist religious groups who tried to make their voices heard. This opposition originated from people who did not agree with the American government’s actions regarding involvement in the war. Americans were opposed to the Vietnam War because they young men resisted enlistment in the war, citizens argued

The Vietnam War's contraversiality spurred a great many sources of protest, against our government's use of power, how far we could stretch the rights of free expression, and primarily against the violence of the war itself. These changes in the behavior of society have

Within such a short time period you see so much anger, violence, triumphs, heartbreak, and social change. The author explicit states each of his central concepts such as the Vietnam War, Civil Rights, and student action making it easier for the reader to follow along and understand the importance these movements had in motivating and changing America. He divulges great evidence to support his central topics with sit-ins that occurred during the south, recollection of horror stories told by soldiers coming back from the war, and the amount of college protests that lit up America from California to Chicago. The evidence given it not only adequate but helpful in adding to the readers understanding about what the sixties truly

1. Text 1 “Experts Cite Underlying Causes for UK Riots” is a news report by Al Pessin published on Voice of America website the 10th of August 2011. The report consists of people giving an estimate of the causes for the UK riots. The inhabitants of London believe at first sight the riots are a response in reaction to lack of jobs and cuts in government services following a

Hopkins, A. (2012). Protest and Rock n' Roll During the Vietnam War. Student Pulse, 4(11).

The Vietnam War was not only a war abroad but also a war at home since many people within the United States believed that we should not be evolved in this war, especially since it was a civil war in Vietnam. One of the main reasons for the unrest at home was due to the draft of young men who did not want to fight for a war that they did not believe in. Many young men age 18 and over were drafted but some of the young men who could afford a higher education were able to go to college and avoid the draft but once they graduated they would be in danger of being drafted so many of the college students were protesting to end the war that they did not believe in or want to go and fight in. (The Sixties, n.d.) As the war crept along the college students protested more and even burnt their draft cards to show their disapproval of the war. The war at home took a bad turn on May 4, 1970 when a group of college students at Kent State started protesting. The governor ordered 750 members of the National Guard to stop the demonstrators. The National Guard troops ordered the protestors to break up and when some of the protestors refused and started throwing rocks the troops fired into the crowed killing four students and injuring nine other students. (Davidson et al., 2005) According to Wells, (1999), “The

This thematic standpoint in return provides ground for a second major theme; the 1960s was home to the birth of civil rights movements and forever changed the American idea of the status quo. To a large extent, it is agreeable that that the 1960s serves as the era that led to activism in the US. Anderson is able to confirm and strengthen his standpoint by the fact that it was during one of the greatest milestones of the 1960s, the Vietnam War, that for the first time in the history of the US, the government was subjected to criticism and attacks against their “ways”. This can be evidenced by the fact that Americans, which were majority college students, took to the streets to protest government action. At the time, the policies and actions put forth by the government were seen to be very secretive and wrong. Citizens were hastily informed about the need to stop the spread of communism at the expense of capitalism. Not only were government policies seen as corrupt, the government had kept the American society in the dark concerning the actual situation in Vietnam. There seemed to be no cost that was worth retreating from Vietnam. Draft calls were constantly increasing and the war itself began to result in federal expenditures, deficits, and inflationary pressures ( Anderson 90). For some Americans, the war not only damaging, but unfair. Mexican Americans were the poorest and

In the late sixties and early seventies, the anti-war moment peaked during the Nixon administration. In October of 1969, the Weatherman, an ultra-left splinter group of SDS (which had become a revolutionary organization), held its infamous ‘Days of Rage" demonstrations in Chicago. Many young protesters attempted to fight police in the streets. The same month witnessed an outpouring of dissent unprecedented in U.S. history. More than two million people joined in Vietnam Moratorium activities around the country. Many were protesting against the war for the first time. For the first time, the press sympathized with the antiwar protesters. The following month more than 500,000 people demonstrated in Washington, 150,000 protested in San Francisco,

The Vietnam War was a controversial subject on its own, however on May 4th, 1970, the tense relationship between young adults and governmental authority would reach a peak frequency, when the National Guard opened fire on college students in Ohio. Some of the students were protesting, even to a violent point, by throwing rocks and yelling at the Guardsmen. Others were simply carrying on with their lives, at a time where the war was expanding, not only across Asia, but across American classrooms and schools.

Interestingly enough, on the topic of being involved in such protests, Pat and Ray seemed to have similar, yet different answers. Pat grew around the time of the start of the war, in the 50s. She claims to not have remembered protests nor participated. “I didn’t remember many protests going on at the time, not like there is today.” Ray, unlike Pat, grew up in the 60s, when our society started to actively protest the war and voice its opinions. He did not participate in the protests, but often heard of them.”There was tons across all the nation. Because I wore the uniform, I didn’t think it was right. Because I wore the uniform of the United States Army.” Since the Vietnam War spans three different generations, we can see the reflections of our society as it changed, through Pat and Ray’s

Social movements of the 1960’s and 1970’s have been interpreted and written about in varying ways. While contemporary scholarship disagrees with past analyses and offer fresh perspectives, past research can also provide a pathway for defining important questions for future research on social movements in America.

And the anti-Vietnam war movement was right there with the rest of the 1960s protests and demonstrations (trying to end a senseless war). With the protests against the war building (burning flags and draft cards), “The Baltimore Four” event acted as a catalyst that resulted in more events like it and further added to the resistance of the war and time period.

The anti-war protests of the 1960s was a response of resentment by minorities and young educated college students against the nation’s desire to participate in war against Communism in Vietnam and conduct a military draft. The protests, originally began with peaceful public demonstrations by activists, who were nonviolent; however, the peaceful demonstrators were frequently attacked and victimized by the police and other citizens, who did not share their same opinion. Throughout the peaceful protests the activists suffered many beatings in the hands of the police and as a result, many of the activists claimed the right of self-defense and turned to taking offensive actions against their oppressors including the police and other citizens. Later, the scene of violence and mayhem quickly shifted to college campuses, to which college students began protesting the draft (Gurr, 1989, pp. 183-185). At the time the average age of an American soldier serving in Vietnam was 19 and students quickly rebelled after realizing that young Americans were legally old enough to be drafted to fight and die, but were not yet legally allowed to vote or drink alcohol (UShistory, nd.).

The Vietnam War's controversy spurred a great many sources of protest, against our government's use of power, how far we could stretch the rights of free expression, and primarily against the violence of the war itself. "There were said to be three stages of the antiwar movements. "The first phase (1964-1965) was idealistic. The second phase (1966-1968) was more pragmatic, a period when young people characteristically protested not on principal, but out of a desire not to be drafted and killed. The third phase (1969-1972) coincided with the de-Americanization of the war"(Jeffreys-Jones, 43). The administration received disapproval in its acts. Soldiers returned home from battle not to be renowned as heroes, but as killers. Although, some soldiers abroad even took part in the anti war movement; "The antiwar movement spread directly among the combat troops in Vietnam, who began to wear peace symbols and flash peace signs and movement salutes. Some units even organized their own demonstrations to link up with the movement at home" (Schlight, 45). "Many college professors, businesspeople, parents of draft-age youth, religious leaders, doctors, lawyers, politicians and entertainers also voiced their objections to American involvement in the Vietnam War" (Jeffreys-Jones, 77).However the war turned out to be a failure and the moral of American society was low. We see a reflection of that now with the war in Iraq. The support of the war