T-Cell Fights Of Bacteria And The Immune System

The immune system is made up of several types of cells that work together to fight infections. Lymph cells (called lymphocytes) are the main type of cell in the adaptive immune system. There are 2 types of lymph cells: T cells and B cells. When B cells respond to an infection, they change into plasma cells. The plasma cells are found mainly in the bone marrow—the soft, inner part of some bones. The plasma cells

Imagine the bacteria as robbers trying to invade a house, the body in this analogy. The immune system is the police officers in charge of the house, and the meninges are the alarms around the point of the house that the robbers want to come in through. The robbers trick the police officers into helping them rob the house. The robbers used the police officers, originally intended to do good.

The human immune system creates a series of responses in the body to defend the body. If a foreign organism, such as a virus or a cold invades your body, it recognizes these foreign organisms, and, in turn, attacks them to get rid of them. One can think of the immune system as an army of many cells which have set up their own bastion in the human body. They have only one job: To defend. The immune system’s cells are various kinds of white blood cells. The human body typically creates about 1000 million white blood cells on a daily basis. A group of these cells, macrophages, establish a patrol of sorts throughout the body killing germs as soon as they enter the body. However, sometimes an infection can cause the macrophages to succumb to it. The body begins to fight back with stronger T- and B-cells.

Through a series of steps called the immune response, the body’s immune system attacks invading disease-causing organisms and substances. The cells involved in this immune response are called leukocytes. Leukocytes are produced and stored in the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow (lymphoid organs). There is also lymphoid tissue throughout the body that houses leukocytes (lymph nodes). The leukocytes circulate through the body between the organs and nodes via lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.

Strep throat is a caused by streptococcus that take over the cells in the throat. It affects the immune system. The immune system is a system that fights back pathogens. If germs infect the immune system, it can cause you to get sick. “The immune response controls the immune system.” (Human Biology and Health 148). “The cells of the immune system can choose between different kinds of pathogens. The immune system cells react to each kind of pathogen with a defense targeted specifically at those pathogens.” (Human Biology and Health 148). “The white blood cells that choose between different kinds of pathogens are called lymphocytes. There are two big kinds of lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, otherwise known as B cells and T cells that work together to destroy pathogens such as flu viruses.” (Human Biology and Health 148).

1. Normally, the immune system protects the body from infection by identifying and destroying bacteria,

The immune system is an important and complex part of the human body, guarding it against bacteria

Lymphocytes- These leukocytes are comprised of B and T cells. B cells secrete antibodies and the T cells kill infections. Therefore lymphocytes aid in defending the immune system.

Explain the involvement of immune cells (B, C, T, antigen presenting cells and immune complex).

Their two primary jobs are to ensure antibody production against the appropriate target antigen occurs and there is presentation of antigen to T cells and signals for T cell activation are provided. B cells provide protection of the host by producing antibodies that identify and neutralize foreign objects like viruses. These B cells then differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells. Plasma cells are terminally differentiated B cells that remain committed to the continuous production and secretion of antibodies. Each plasma will synthesise and secret only one type of antibody. Memory B cells are long-lived B cells that have specialised to remembering the type of substances that the immune system has seen before, they are primed for rapid response to repeated exposure of the antigen. Memory B cells are generated in the lymphoid tissue and migrate to the lymph nodes and reside in the ready mode for activation in order to quickly recognise and attack any returning virus. T cells attack cells that have become infected by viruses, there are two types of T cells the T-helper cell ad the cytotoxic T cell. T-helper cells do not attack infected cells directly, instead they release chemical messengers known as cytokines that signal differentiation, growth and action of other immune cells. Cytotoxic T cells go around in the body looking for and wanting to destroy pathogenic cells directly. Cytotoxic T cells attach to the compromised cell and release chemical factors that are able to kill their targets by programming then to undergo apoptosis. * Dendritic

The adaptive immune system consists of primary cells known as lymphocytes, which are specialized white blood cells manufactured in both bone marrow and the thymus gland. The lymphatic system is the storage unit of the lymphocytes until they are needed to fight pathogens. The major classes of lymphocytes, B cells and T cells manage antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediate immunity, respectively. T cells respond to antigens on a cells’ membrane binding to infected macrophage triggering several reactions simultaneously. Including, the reproduction of more T cells with the specific receptor necessary to destroy the pathogens (Pinel, 2014).

The immune system is the body defense mechanism against diseases. Through its different components, the immune system can detect a wide range of microorganisms such as viruses, parasites, bacteria and strange organisms. It has the power and the intelligence to distinguish those microorganisms from the self-healthy tissues; recognize them and eliminate them to protect the body from their harmful effects. However, in some instances, the immune system reacts against self-cells as in autoimmune diseases.

B-cells attack invading bacteria, viruses and toxins. T-cells destroy the body 's own cells that have been taken over by viruses or become cancerous.

The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by "memory cells". Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. so basically killer T cells will identify antigens present on foreign cells. These antigens are not found in any of the cells inside our body. So T cells will identify them and kill them.

Our immune system is the second most complex system in our body. It is made up of organs, cells and proteins that work together to protect our bodies from harmful bacteria, viruses or other microorganisms that can cause diseases. Usually we don’t notice our immune system defending us against pathogens, but if the pathogen (harmful microorganism) is aggressive or if our body hasn’t ever come into contact with it, we can get sick. The jobs of our immune system are to recognise pathogens, as well as neutralise and remove them from our body. Our immune system also has to fight our own cells if they have changed due to an illness, for example, cancer. (1)