Test The Water Usage Of The Smart Agricultural System

2. What are the various methods used to protect sensitive crops from damaging low temperatures? Explain why each method works.

In this article GIS is used see how variables such as precipitation and temperature have on the vegetative growth of the coffee tree. This experiment, or similar experiments can be applied to many different types of plants all over the world, to help them better understand how certain things such as climate change will affect many of the world’s important crops. This can for instance be done on citrus fruits, with only a few minor tweaks to the structure of this research experiment, to assess how temperature and precipitation will affect their production as well. This article shows how delicate some organisms in the world are, it shows that climate change can potentially wipe out all of the coffee trees in the world in a fairly short amount of time. This study also demonstrated that precipitation and temperature of the soil have a great impact on coffee yield and that coarse resolution data care able to monitor vegetative variances such as coffee yield (Brunsell, 2013.pg 302).

Climate change is a crucial issue which every living organism in this planet should cope with. Plants are in a disadvantaged position because they cannot move, like other organisms for avoiding the effects of the global warming. Thus, they should find ways to adapt to these changes, even when they are in very harsh environments, like in high altitude habitats. The effects of climate change could alter the functional traits and the phenology of the plants. This review article deals with the differences of the flowering time of Arabidopsis thaliana in low and high altitudes and also with the alteration of this due to the effects of global warming. As it is already discussed in the previous paragraphs, the flowering time of Arabidopsis thaliana

This is important because without proper absorption of light, plants could be over exposed to UV radiation and eventually die. This brings into question the extent of the potential damage of global warming and possibly new challenges for the agricultural industry. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide. The effects of global warming are measurable and can be described as the gradual increasing of Earth’s temperature (Freiji et al-2017). Not only does the climate change introduce an overall increase in temperature, it also can be linked to extreme weather, such as the drought that affected more than half of the continental US in 2012, Midwestern tornadoes, and tropical storms, like hurricane Katrina. (Renner-2013). All of these factors create even harsher conditions for plant life which would mean that there is a great need for the enzyme tyrosinase to work at maximum efficiency to protect plants from very harsh environments. It is important to understand what factors affect tyrosinase, namely heat, especially when considering big environmental issues such as global warming. All of this

The soil is an essential element of a sustainable food system. A healthy soil is one of the most valuable resources on the Earth not just because of its role in growing food but also because it is the host of many organisms. The ground has all the nutritional components to raise the vegetables and fruits in people’s diet. Therefore, the soil needs special care to recover the nutrients that it loses in each harvest. I witnessed an example of smart soil management during my time living in the country. I remember

The development of NVWSI was based on the assumption that when there is sufficient vegetation water supply in the soil, there is a normal growth of vegetation. In other words, normal vegetation growth is affected when soil water deficit has happened during a drought period. In case of drought, NDVI value (observed by the satellite sensor) is reduced as vegetation partially closes leaf stomata to reduce leaf surface transpiration in order to save water in the canopy (Placeholder4). During this self-protective mechanism the leaf and canopy temperatures (LST) increase. In this modality, the ratio of vegetation index and canopy temperature can show the state of water supply for vegetation, with the greater ratio implying sufficient water supply and vice versa and this approach is widely applied in drought monitoring (Sheng et al. 2003; Zhang et al, 2006; Huang et al. 2008; Gao 2008; Bao 2012). Usually, the simple ratio of the two variables (NDVI and LST) can be defined as VWSI using Equation (1).

The objective of this study was to compare observed rainfall amounts, maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature and maximum wind speeds at daily periods from two different types of automatic weather stations. An automatic weather station (AWS) is defined by the WMO (1992a) as a meteorological station where observations are made and from which the data is transmitted automatically. The AWS was designed to accurately measure and record standard meteorological variables. The design of AWS’s may vary from measurement rates, methods on how the data is retrieved or the intervals of when the data is reported (Tanner, 1990).

Plant water stress is a major factor affecting crop yield. With the ever-increasing human population, there is a constant stress exerted on water resources (McGwire et al., 2000). So irrigation to avoid or relieve this stress must be done judiciously, not only to avoid environmental problems such as groundwater pollution and runoff, but also to keep the cost down on a limited and expensive resource. Soil moisture sensors are often used for precision irrigation control purposes. However, soil moisture sensors can only assess the degree of water deficit stress that is imposed to the plants, but not necessarily the level of water deficit stress that is actually experienced by the plants (Sinclair and Ludlow, 1985). An

Local microclimates can affect plant health and survivability in your area so be aware if your area tends to be colder or warmer than the norm indicated on the USDA Zone Map. Often properties near to lakes or ponds will have a more moderate air temperature and possibly a zone warmer, whereas if you are in a valley the cold air tends to settle so you may be a bit colder. Urban areas, because of the heat island effect of the mass of asphalt and buildings tend to make them a zone warmer than surrounding non-urban areas. Some areas with more consistent snow cover can consider planting species that are from a zone warmer, since the root zone is insulated during the winter months.

All of us are very well known of different types of sensors used in different types of industrial and household applications. Well as per the topic, this hole article will describe you about the facts and principal behind the working of soil moisture sensor and interface with micro-controller. So before going too deep let us first understand its basics.

Water is primarily irrigated; irrigated water is needed for growing the crops this planet survives and flourishes off of. There are various methods of irrigation, such as surface irrigation, drip/macro irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and subsurface irrigation. Surface irrigation involves techniques where water is simply distributed over the soil surface by gravity. It is also the most common form of irrigation throughout the world. Drip irrigation delivers water directly to the root of a plant. This is a very effective method of irrigation because almost no water is lost through runoff or evaporation (Burt,…& Hardy, 2000). However, drip irrigation is rarely used by small-scale farmers, who face some of the worst water shortages, because of the high costs of this particular irrigation system (Burt,…& Eisenhauer, 1997). The selection of an irrigation method for agriculture is dependent on the type of crop, climate of the area, economics, water quality, energy availability, and multiple other factors (Burt,…& Hardy, 2000). The United States exports about one-third of all water it withdrawals in the form of crops and various other goods.

While compared with DI400, DI550-DI700-DI900 increased Tleaf by 2.4, 4.0, and 5.7%, respectively. Hence the relatively increase in Tleaf caused by elevated CO2 concentrations was higher under DI than under RI. Leaf temperature was highly correlated with Tr under most conditions (Pallas et al., 1967). And it was obvious to see that the higher Tr was shown in the markedly lower Tleaf, and vice versa, namely the so called transpiration cooling effect (Pallas et al., 1967). So when the elevated CO2 concentration reduced Tr, the Tleaf increased. Also with decrease in soil water in DI condition, Tr was decreasing; meanwhile, Tleaf rose more remarkable than that only under elevated CO2 conditions. As that Tr cannot be ignored in the changes of Tleaf (Cook et al., 1964; Gates, 1964), and Tr changes was more pronounced under DI, so as to the changes of Tleaf.

To extend the life of crop cold, stores reduces the level of oxygen in the atmosphere. It slows down spoiling of F

Abiotic stresses affect the productivity of agricultural crops in different ways and increased incidence of abiotic stresses has become major cause for reduction in crop productivity. Heat stress is often defined as the rise in temperature beyond a threshold level for a period of time sufficient to cause irreversible damage to plant growth and development. Heat stress due to high ambient temperatures is a serious threat to crop production worldwide (Hall, 2001). Transitory or constantly high temperatures cause an array of morpho-anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes in plants, which affect plant growth and development and may lead to a drastic reduction in yield (Wahid et al., 2007). High temperature stress causes extensive denaturation and aggregation of cellular proteins, which, if unchecked, lead to cell death. Heat response is characterized by inhibition of normal transcription and translation, higher expression of heat shock proteins (HSP’s) and induction of thermo tolerance (Krishna 2003). Evolving efficient, low cost, easily adaptable methods for the abiotic stress management is a major challenge. Worldwide, extensive research is being carried out, to develop strategies to cope with abiotic stresses, through development of heat and drought tolerant varieties by genetic engineering and breeding (Venkateswarlu and Shanker 2009). While most of these technologies are cost-intensive, recent studies indicated the microorganisms could play an

Sunflower can be tolerant on both low and high temperatures, but mostly tolerant on lower temperatures