The Bank For International Settlement

This following report is about the Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA). The Commonwealth Bank is a public business founded in 1911. This company is owned by the Australian government. The Commonwealth Bank operates within the tertiary business sector.

The IMF's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with one other. This system is essential for promoting sustainable economic growth, increasing living standards, and reducing poverty. The Fund’s mandate has recently been clarified and updated to cover the full range of macroeconomic and financial sector issues that bear on global stability.

Operating in the ever challenging banking industry in Australia, Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) aims to succeed through focusing on 5 main strategic areas:

There are international markets where the internationally accepted currency is a trade. Such currency is deposited with

A real-time payments system known as TARGET and operated by the ECB and national central banks does this for very large sums of money. It will also offer the same advantages in future to transactions in securities. This has the potential to make cross-border trading much more cost-effective.

Tamara Long sat in her office reflecting on the tough past 6 weeks. She was the head of the international department at the American International Bank (AIB). Six weeks ago, the Chairman of the bank had called Tamara into his office. A bulletin had just come over the bank 's wire indicating that a military coup had taken place in Portugal.

A currency board is a rule-based monetary institution that first established in the British colony of Mauritius in 1849(Kwan and Lui, 1999). Since then, the board introduced to more than 70 countries and issued money for British colonies, which included Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and the Middle East as well as a few other small countries (Walters and Hanke, 1992). This development reached its heyday in the 1940s (Hanke, Jonung, and Schuler, 1993). After that, the Second World War changed this situation. The newly independent territories from British colonies replaced the currency board system to the central bank system. Until now, few currency boards still survived. Hence, some people supported that the currency boards is out of the centre stage with losing its practical importance on the basis of historical experiences. However, Kwan and Lui (1999) did not share the identical view with these people. They argued that the currency boards begin to attract widespread attention due to the effect on maintaining stable exchange rate, which is a significant feature to confront the global financial crisis. Because of this characteristic, Argentina (1991), Estonia (1992), Lithuania (1994) and Bulgaria (1997) have promulgated the law to support establishing the currency boards. If the result of this measure can stabilize the currency and economic effectively, many countries will introduce the boards eventually. As Schwartz (1993) had commented, “a watershed would have been reached

There are various risks involved in clearing and settlement systems. In order to stabilize the Canadian financial system, all systemically important clearing and settlement systems are required to be able to handle certain levels of risks sufficiently under reasonable circumstances.(8) The risks are listed: Systematic risks: The risk to entire payment system due to the inability of one institution to meet its obligations in a timely fashion. This may cause significant liquidity or credit problems, and, as a result, might threaten the stability of or confidence in markets. Operational risks: The risk that deficiencies in information systems or internal controls, human errors, or management failures will result in unexpected losses. Pre-settlement risks: The risk that a counterparty to a transaction for completion at a future date will default before final settlement. The resulting exposure is the cost of replacing the original transaction at current market prices. Credit risks: The risk that a counterparty will not settle an obligation for full value, either when due or at any time thereafter. Liquidity risks: The risk that a counterparty will not settle an obligation for full value when due, but on some unspecified date thereafter. Settlement risk: The risk beard by all foreign exchange community members for losing the principle. Principal risk: The risk that the seller of a security delivers a security but does not receive

In the statement of the 2015 Article IV Consultation Mission to China, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded that the Chinese economy was transitioning to a safer and higher-quality growth. In particular, the IMF highlighted that China had made good progress in recent years in reducing its large current account surpluses and its huge accumulation of foreign exchange reserves. Although undervaluation of the yuan was a major factor causing the large imbalances in the past, the appreciation of the yuan over the past few years had brought the yuan-USD exchange rate to a level that was no longer undervalued.

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), a state-owned commercial bank, is a strong pillar of the development of basic industries in China, and its role in the financial system is and will always be irreplaceable. The most obvious function is to support the real economy. During 2015, the balance of loans extended by the bank to strategic emerging industries reached RMB369.729 billion, increasing by 11.99% over the prior year; the balance of loans to cultural industries reached RMB175.457 billion, increased by 14.36%. And it offers diversified financial products and services to over 5 million corporate customers and nearly 500 million personal customers. (source annual report)

“The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) are a group of 38 developing countries with high levels of poverty and debt overhang which are eligible for special assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank”. The HIPC Initiative was initiated by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in 1996. In 2001 Ghana declared itself as heavily indebted poor country, according to the then president John Agyekum Kuffour, the decision of Ghana to be part of this initiative was mainly because of the poor state of the economy. As a result of this the nation was expected to receive a total of 253 million dollars of IMF and the World Bank to help relieve the country from various debts and to invest the rest in infrastructure, basic education, health facilities, water and sanitation. As a result of the HIPC initiative there were some positive change in the lives of the people in terms of healthcare and some aspects of basic education. There was an introduction of free healthcare to all Ghanaian citizens in the country and the already existing free basic education was enhanced. However the prices of goods and services increased by the day. The rate of unemployment shot up drastically as many people were losing their jobs both in the public and private sector, there was constant depreciation of the currency and frequent sales of state owned property.

Prudential PLC is an international financial services group with significant operations in Asia, the US and the UK. They serve around 24 million insurance customers and have £496 billion of assets under management.

International Banking can be defined as banking transactions crossing national boundaries. The activities involves like international lending; claims of domestic bank offices on foreign residents, claims of foreign bank offices on local residents, claims of domestic bank offices on domestic residents in foreign currency are the major activities involved in International Banking. The evolution of banking history dates back to 2000 BC in Assyria and

The World Bank was originally established in 1944 by 28 countries as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development with the aim of assisting and financing public development projects. In 2015 the World Bank Group is an umbrella organization of five parts with 187 member countries. While the Bank remains the largest such institution in operation, there are now so many other similar institutions that there are four subcategories to describe them: Multilateral Development Banks (used to describe the World Bank), Multilateral Financial Institutions, Sub-Regional Banks, and Aid Coordination Groups. Partners (World Bank, 2016) The World Bank provides governments, based solely on economic rather than political considerations, with access to capital for development projects as either the sole lender or to supplement other lenders. The World Bank also seeks, through Technical Assistance Projects, to support the strengthening of local government’s management and governance capacities. Capital and support for the private sector in developing countries is provided by a second member of the World Bank Group that was founded in 1956, the International Finance Corporation.

The World Bank was originally established in 1944 by 28 countries as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development with the aim of assisting and financing public development projects. In 2015 the World Bank Group is an umbrella organization of five parts with 187 member countries. While the Bank remains the largest such institution in operation, there are now so many other similar institutions that there are four subcategories to describe them: Multilateral Development Banks (used to describe the World Bank), Multilateral Financial Institutions, Sub-Regional Banks, and Aid Coordination Groups. Partners (World Bank, 2016) The World Bank provides governments, based solely on economic rather than political considerations, with