The Binding Problem

Being able to pay attention is something that some people take for granted without appreciating it. Bereft of this luxury, we wouldn’t be able to properly communicate with others, focus on our goals, and most importantly, live as who we are

The Stroop (1935) effect is the inability to ignore a color word when the task is to report the ink color of that word (i.e., to say "green" to the word RED in green ink). The present study investigated whether object-based processing contributes to the Stroop effect. According to this view, observers are unable to ignore irrelevant features of an attended object (Kahneman & Henik, 1981). In three experiments, participants had to name the color of one of two superimposed rectangles and to ignore words that appeared in the relevant object, in the irrelevant object, or in the background. The words were congruent,

Attention is considered to be a core cognitive process, it refers to how people actively process specific information in the environment. Attention refers to how people select from information and stimuli in the environment, facilitating processing of some of the stimuli and inhibiting processing of others. "Everyone knows what attention is, it is the taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought...It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others, and is a condition which has a real opposite in the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state. “This definition of attention was proposed by psychologist William James (1890). This review will focus on literature that gives explanation to selective attention. Selective attention refers to the process where a person is able to select out of many stimuli and focus on the one they want and ignore other stimuli.

The way a human eye and brain works together to produce visual data understandable to the

Attention is a cognitive phenomenon that describes an individual’s ability to focus their awareness on salient external stimuli (Rensink et al., 1997). Automatic attentional capture, i.e.

The first concern pertained to a statement made by police officers. Brain asks that I clarify what perception, attention and memory means. He also requests that I explain how perception and attention influence the precision of memories.

83-5 Your focus of attention can be larger areas, but this is harder to maintain — if it begins to slip, withdraw the attention to a smaller circle or single object/point, then gradually enlarge the circle of attention again.

Visual Perception: This is the ability to recognise, recall, and discriminate what they are seeing.

Perception refers to the interpretation of sensory information to form meaningful information (3). Perception is not possible with attentional processes. Attention to the information provided to the sensory receptors is required to to have perception (68). Attention and perception interact more with each other than as processes that are rigidly different. Driving is an example of something that requires both perception and attention. You need to perceive and recognize important objects such as stop signs, pedestrians, and oncoming cars. Driving also requires the mental concentration of paying attention. In something as complex of driving, lacking either attention or your ability to perceive things can result in dangerous situations (73). In

In this paper, you will find the answer to the phenomena of perception and attention. “Attention is the process of concentrating on specific objects of the environment or on certain thoughts or activities” (Goldstein, 2011). Selective hearing is the exclusion of other features of the environment where limited hearing is in capacity and timing. There are a few theories of attention such as the Broadbent’s filter model, which we will be discuss in this paper. “Perception is the process of recognizing, organizing, and interpreting information from senses” (Goldstein, 2011). Perception is not an exact copy and can be based on an experience

particular cortical regions) (Mitchell et al., 2008), or they can also select the cortex that makes

During this stage, I am able to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others. For example, in this picture you can see that I am working by myself. I am concentrating doing an activity and forgetting about the classmates.

Attention was described by William James (1890, cited in Eysenck & Keane, 2000, p130) as

These are described especially well in Gentner and Markman, where alignable differences are key to finding similarities, and from there, analogies, between different cases. As one example, they provide Figure 4 as a source an image of a person aiming an arrow at a target on a wall, a tree behind them (Gentner & Markman, 1997, p. 51). A great deal of sharpening and levelling (Ray, 2015) would occur in a photographic or sensed representation of this scenario, though the concepts also apply to a monochromatic clip-art representation. The key elements being acted upon must be focused on through the process of sharpening. Conversely, other details such as the bark of the tree, the pattern of the man’s shirt, or the wearing of shoes are seen as irrelevant and “levelled” into the background. This process of scanning in information and forming mental models to represent it, or as Kosslyn names the phases: “generate, inspect, and transform” (Farah, 1984, p. 247) has much neurological analysis aiming to understand it. These phases are known to rely at least partially upon the visual sensory processing areas of the brain, as when they are damaged, the person loses to some extent their ability to do tasks requiring mental imagery (Farah, 1984) and (Hubbard,

High-level feature extraction concerns finding shapes in computer images. To be able to recognize faces automatically, for example, one approach is to extract the component features. This requires extraction of, say, the eyes, the ears and the nose, which are the major facial features. To find them, we can use their shape: the white part of the eyes is ellipsoidal; the mouth can appear as two lines, as do the eyebrows. Shape extraction implies finding their position, their orientation and their size. This feature extraction process can be viewed as similar to the way in which we perceive the world: many books for babies describe basic geometric shapes such as triangles, circles and squares. More complex pictures can be decomposed into a structure