Introduction Cellular respiration is a complex but fundamental process of life. This process is vital to all living organisms, whether they are autotrophs or heterotrophs, plants or animals. All biotic life requires their food to be converted into energy to carry out their basic functions and processes. Cells use oxygen to transform a simple sugar like glucose into energy, such as Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Glucose is a carbohydrate, which acts as a reactant just like oxygen and water. The products yield carbon dioxide, water and ATP, which is the opposite for photosynthesis. Cellular respiration can be divided into three parts: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain. Many pollutants can disrupt this biological process and effect organisms and ecosystems. “Dioxin is a very toxic compound usually produced as a byproduct from industrial waste sometimes in the form of pesticides or herbicide, which was used in Vietnam. TCDD is a commonly studied dioxin that is a mixture of chemicals found in the environment. Studies have found that humans cannot metabolize this mixture, which causes several different, harmful biological reactions. TCDD is a direct side product of burning organic materials. It is also a persistent organic pollutant that inhibits the mitochondria from supplying energy including ATP and NAD(P)H. This organelle is where cellular respiration is synthesized in animals and humans. These toxins directly affect the electron chain, which will
In this lab we are measuring the amount of oxygen used in both germinating and non germinating peas. We are measuring the oxygen consumption by taking a reading of a respirometer submerged in two water baths. The first bath will be cold water and the second warm to determine the effect of temperatures on oxygen consumption. Our negative control will be glass beads to measure to increase or decrease in atmospheric pressure or temperature changes. There is a direct relationship between oxygen consumption and Carbon Dioxide produced, therefore the more O2 consumed the more CO2 produced. To keep the amount of CO2 produced from canceling out any pressure gained or lost from the consumption of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as baker’s yeast, is eukaryotic fungi (Nakasono, 2003). When yeast is fed, it uses oxygen and a sugar source to produce energy (ATP), and CO₂, the way humans do (Nakasono, 2003). Yeast undergoes aerobic respiration which involves oxygen.
To be able to carry on metabolic processes in the cell, cells need energy. The cells can obtain their energy in different ways but the most efficient way of harvesting stored food in the cell is through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway, which breaks down large molecules to smaller molecules, produces an energy rich molecule known as ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and a waste product that is released as CO2.
There are many processes that are needed to occur to produce something that help organisms live. Cellular respiration and fermentation are two process that are important to the survival of organisms. Cellular respiration is the way cells make ATP, which they need to survive. The process starts with the breaking down of glucose into other compounds that can be used by the cell. However, there are more steps in the process than just cellular respiration and how precise cellular respiration is depends on how much ATP can be taken from food particles in the body (Hill 646). Fermentation is mostly known in the world of beer and wine, but it also produces lactate in organisms. Fermentation is breaking glucose into separate components like water or carbon dioxide, much like that of cellular respiration. N’guessan and some peers did an experiment and they found that after fermentation had stopped, they had over 200 counts of yeast in the beer (N’guess, Brou, Casaregola, Dje 858). Under the
The Purpose of this experiment was to determine the importance of cellular respiration in the processes of Life. The objective of this experiment was to determine the rate of cellular respiration and how the presence of carbohydrates and pollutants will affect it. Our hypothesis was that an organism has larger rate of Cellular Respiration with the source of Carbohydrates as compared to the one that is without the Carbohydrates source and vice versa in
small wad of absorbent cotton in the bottom of each vial and, using the pipette or syringe, saturate the cotton
Cellular respiration is a very important process that occurs in all living organisms. In this process, chemical energy is obtained by the organisms’ food source to be turned into ATP or adenosine triphosphate, a form of energy that is easily utilized by the organisms’ bodies to carry out certain bodily functions (Largen, 2008, p.41). The chemical formula for cellular respiration is C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O→6CO2+12H2O+energy. This simply means that, with the use of glucose, six molecules of oxygen, and six molecules of water, an output of six carbon dioxide molecules, twelve molecules of water, and energy (ATP) is produced (Khan, 2010). Glucose is especially important in this process, given that it acts as a fuel in cellular respiration. (Cellular Respiration: Introduction, n.d.). In the biosphere, there is also a vast
The type of sugar affects the rate of cellular respiration because each sugar is classified as either a monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides. The data from this experiment was collected by the amount of carbon dioxide produced from the type of sugar that was used. The data was then analyzed using a line graph. Data was also collected in class averages. There were three sugars in this experiment, glucose, lactose, and fructose. An example of a monosaccharides would be glucose and fructose. The slope for glucose should be about 283.07. The slope for fructose should be about 269.77. Second, an example of a disaccharides would be lactose. The slope for a disaccharide in this experiment should be about 67.055. The data shows that
Cellular respiration is going on in every cell in plants. It is interesting to know there is several of factors that affects cell respiration in plants for example ph. levels, temperature, oxygen, sugars. Germinating seeds carry out cellular respiration processes in much the same way as plant and animal cells do (Jeanty). Plant seeds respiration requires enough to maintain food or nutrients. The experiment that was done is testing the rates cellular respiration of germinating lentils that were soaked in different liquids which are water, juice, cola, Gatorade and milk. The hypothesis one is the highest rate of respiration is going to be the germinating lentils in water. The second highest rate of respiration is juice. The third is Gatorade. The fourth highest is milk. The lowest rate of respiration is going to be with the germinating lentils in cola.
First glucose is broken down in the process called glycolysis, then the pyruvate molecules are moved to the mitochondria, when this is happening the pyruvate molecules are converted into 2-carbon molecules these molecules then enter the Kreb Cycle. Moving on the energy created will now enter the electron transport chain, this energy will then produce ATP. The reactants are glucose and oxygen and the products are ATP, water, and carbon dioxide. During the Cellular Respiration glucose is being oxidized, along with carbon. On the other hand Oxygen, NAD+ and FADH are being reduced in Cellular Respiration.
Hello, my name is Audrey and welcome to my presentation on the chemistry of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
TCDD is a dioxin that can be produced through diesel exhaust, burning waste, and chemical manufacturing. In recent years, many have argued that exposure to this chemical can cause serious illnesses. Studies on animals have shown that TCDD is one of the most poisonous chemicals out there. The animal testing has been found to be especially toxic to developing babies in the womb. A pregnant rat given a dose of less than one part per billion (which is comparable to a single drop in 14,000 gallons of water) will cause female sexual characteristics in a male embryo. Doses of 100 parts per billion in rodents and fish have been proven to cause birth defects such as cleft palates, malfunctioning kidneys, heart problems, and weak bones (Schmidt). Animal studies have proven that small doses of TCDD can be severely detrimental to one’s
When carrying this experiment the fundamental purpose was to explain fermentation which is a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, & Reece) by adding yeast to 3 different carbohydrate solutions used as a food sources. We used 4 different test tubes containing glucose, sucrose, saturated starch and water. The purpose was to see which carbohydrate would ferment the most in various temperatures.The levels of CO2 were tracked over a period of time. According to our predictions we believed from slowest to fastest at 4 degrees water, saturated starch, glucose and lastly sucrose. At 23 degrees water, saturated starch, glucose and lastly sucrose. Finally at 37 degrees water, saturated starch, glucose and making sucrose the fastest. We believed this because sucrose would dissolve faster therefore creating faster CO2 levels. On the other hand the Cellular respiration of breakdown organic molecules that use electron transport chain that produce ATP, we had to find out how increasing succinate in DPIP which is an electron acceptor that will intercept the hydrogen ions released from succinate. (Upadhyay, 2017) would allow an accelerated reaction to occur. We believed 3 would be the highest because it included every type of reduce reactions and 1 would be the slowest since succinate wasn't involved. Based on our data collected we came to a conclusion that glucose the carbohydrates that fermentation had the highest rate and most efficient food source. Due to the temperature being so high it produced more gas. Regarding the
Dioxin (polychlorinated dibenzodioxin), commonly known as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD), is a group of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds known to be environmental pollutants. Dioxins are produced as a by-product during the manufacturing and burning of plastics (Clancy, Farrow, Finkle, Francis, Heimbecker, Nixon-Ewing, et al., 2011, p. 338). There are many different dioxin compounds, each having different levels of toxicity. Dioxin is commonly referred to as TCDD because it is the most toxic and well studied form of dioxin. Dioxins are characterized by the presence of two benzene rings that are connected by a pair of oxygen atoms. Each of the eight carbon atoms that are not bonded to oxygen is able to bind with hydrogen atoms or other elements. The more toxic dioxins carry chlorine atoms. 2,3,7,8-TCDD is extremely stable and virtually insoluble in water, but soluble in oils. This allows dioxin in soil to resist dilution with rainwater. If it is absorbed, it is able to enter the fatty tissue in the body. This chemical is created by the burning of chlorine-based chemical compounds of some industrial, non-industrial, and natural processes that involve combustion. They are also generated as by-products from the manufacturing of herbicides, disinfectants, and other agents, and usually form as a by-product in the majority of all combustion processes.
Cellular respiration is the group metabolic reactions that happen in the cell of living organism that creates adenosine triphosphate, ATP, from biochemical energy. The formula for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 +6O26CO2+6H2O+ATP. This formula means glucose and oxygen are turned into water,carbon dioxide and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy through chemical reactions. Cellular respiration occurs in all cells which allows them to grow. Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. Sativus seed, also known as radish seed, undergo cellular respiration because they are not yet able to perform photosynthesis, which is how plants create their energy. Hymenoptera formicidae,commonly known as ants, undergo cellular respiration to produce the energy they need to live.