The Care Of A 68 Year Old Female With An Acute Infarction

The most common physiological process leading to a myocardial infarction is the occlusion of coronary arteries by a process known as atherosclerosis. In fact, atherosclerosis is present in more than 90% of persons with coronary heart disease.1

This is a disease that is caused by the narrowing of arteries. These blood vessels are the vessels that supply oxygen and blood to our hearts. This disease is usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis “is the buildup of plaque inside the coronary arteries. These plaques are made up of fatty deposits and fibrous tissue” (“Coronary artery disease,” 2013). When your coronary arteries start to narrow it decreases the blood supply to the heart muscle, which will trigger a certain kind of pain that we call an angina. Another problem that Atherosclerosis can cause is blood clot, which will cause someone to have a heart attack, know as a Myocardial Infarction. Some risk factors this particular disease can cause is Diabetes, Obesity, lack of proper daily exercise, Hypertension, smoking, high blood pressure, and having high levels of LDL (bad cholesterol) and low levels of HDL (good cholesterol). All of these things can impact a person’s heart. In an article I found it says, “CAD (Coronary Artery Disease) is the most common chronic, life-threatening illness in most of the world’s developed nations” (“Coronary artery disease,”

Nevertheless, there is an understandable and noticeable link between circulatory related diseases and lifestyle diseases, such as Coronary Heart Disease. Coronary heart disease can occur when fatty acids, such as cholesterol in an inadequate diet, build up in the walls of the coronary artery. These fatty deposits collect minerals and harden to become a plaque. Eventually, this plaque grows and can swells up, forming an aneurism. In some cases, this aneurism may burst leading to instant death. As it continues to grow and swell up, it finally blocks the artery completely and forms blood clots. This is known as coronary thrombosis. A myocardial infarction, or in other words as heart attack, occurs when no oxygen is able to reach the coronary artery and thus it is unable to fulfil its role in providing the heart muscle with a sufficient supply of blood. Heart attacks are very common in the society nowadays, especially occurring in smokers or obesity related diseases (Millar, June 2014)

Alteration in function depends not only on the size but also on the location of an infarct. An anterior left ventricular infarct often results from occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Posterior left ventricular infarcts often arise from right coronary artery obstruction, whereas lateral wall infarct usually arise from circumflex artery obstruction. This distribution varies because of individual differences in coronary artery supply. The infarct is also describe in terms of where it occurs on the myocardial surface. The transmural infarct extends from endocardium to epicardium. The subendocardial type is located on the endocardial surface, extending varying distances into the myocardial muscle. Intramural infarction is often

The coronary artery that was occluded in M.T.’s coronary circulation were the right coronary artery. When coronary blood flow is interrupted for an extended period, myocyte necrosis occurs. This results in MI. In the majority of MI, the decrease in coronary flow is the result of atherosclerotic CAD (McCance & Huether, 2014). M.T. is experiencing transmural MI. According to H. Michael Bolooki (2010), a transmural MI is characterized by ischemic necrosis of the full thickness of the affected muscle segment(s), extending from the endocardium through the myocardium to the epicardium. M.T. was exhibiting crushing substernal chest pain radiating down his left arm. He was complaining of dizziness and nausea. During M.T.’s physical exam, he

One of the patient’s secondary diagnoses is atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery without angina pectoris. He had a heart valve replacement in 2011. Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque made of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances builds up inside the arteries. This is an issue because the plaque hardens over time and narrows the arteries, which then limits the flow of oxygenated blood to vital tissues. This condition can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and death. Coronary artery atherosclerosis is the single largest killer of both men and women in the United States (Boudi, 2016). The patient’s atherosclerosis is located in the coronary artery. This artery is one of two main blood vessels that branch off

Old Myocardial Infarction(MI) (ICD I25.2)- (Patho Statement) Plaque formation can build up in the interior walls of the heart muscles. Plaque is often made up of WBC, cholesterol and fat. This plaque build up reduces the blood flow and oxygen to the heart causing injury (Lu, Liu, Sun, Zheng, & Zhang, 2015). These heart attacks can be acute or silent. They often present with symptoms of chest pain, left arm pain that can radiate to the neck, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting, abnormal heart beat,

The development of an atherosclerotic plaque is relatively a very a complicated process where Plaque rupture accounts for about 76% of fatality lead by thrombi. The evolution of atherosclerosis begins with foam cell accumulation where the macrophages accumulate within arterial wall intima, progresses to form fatty streak where further accumulation of intra and extracellular lipids, this is a potentially reversible stage (Greenland p, 2013) further atheroma/fibroatheroma forms where cholesterol and phospholipids accumulate intramurally. This is a vulnerable state as it is predisposed to spontaneous rupture by inflammation and thrombus deposition may occur. Hemodynamic changes during this stage may cause ischemia or silent infarction, if large plaque rupture total occlusion may cause myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death. Finally a complex lesion can develop where fibro muscular tissue can be seen with repair efforts followed by repeated plaque formation, this may slowly increase in size and produce significant arterial narrowing.

Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of a myocardial infarction (MI). As a result of CAD, plaque builds up in the arteries, thus narrowing the coronary arteries and preventing adequate blood flow to the heart. This condition is called atherosclerosis. In 2012, Huether, S., & McCance, K. defines Atherosclerosis when it begins to occur when there has been an injury to the coronary vessel wall. When injury occurs on the vessels endothelial layer it triggers a clotting mechanism. That mechanism sends chemotaxsis signals through the body for monocytes/macrophages to come clean the open vessel wall that is leaking LDL into the blood. The macrophages attempt to digest the fatty substance but have a hard time doing so. When the cells cannot digest the LDL, cell proliferation happens and they become static. Static macrophages turn into foam cells that then begin to cover the open vessel wall. Stasis of these foam cells occurs and forms a fatty streak, beginning to slowly occlude the artery. Then with time, build up of collagen occurs on top of the

Coronary artery disease is the most common type of heart disease and the #1 cause of death for both men and women in the United States resulting in about 375,000 deaths a year. (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2014). This disease refers to “any vascular disorder that arrows or occludes the coronary arteries leading to myocardial ischemia” (Huether & McCane, 2012). It occurs when the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart becomes hardened and narrowed. Also, factors such as smoking, high levels of fat & cholesterol in the blood, hypertension, high levels of sugar in the blood, and blood vessel inflammation damage the inner layers of the coronary arteries. “This disease is prevalent in younger and elderly individuals. Coronary artery calcium is highly predicative of coronary heart disease event risk across all age groups” (Tota-Maharaj et al, 2014). Coronary artery disease is caused by the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits, or plaque, in the inner walls of the coronary arteries in a process called atherosclerosis. Normally, the coronary arteries are smooth and elastic, lined with a layer of cells called the endothelium. The endothelium acts as a physical barrier between the blood stream and the coronary artery walls.

Coronary Artery disease is caused by damage or injury to the inner layer of a coronary artery and can be caused by a number of factors. Some of them are; smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes or insulin resistance, and/or a sedentary lifestyle. After the wall of an artery is damaged it makes it much easier for fatty deposits (plaque) such as cholesterol and other fatty waste products to build up on the linings of artery walls. This process is known as atherosclerosis. If this plaque breaks or ruptures platelets will clump at the site to try and repair the artery, but this can also block the arteries which can lead to a heart attack. The main factors that place a person at risk for this disease are age, as getting older is

Coronary artery disease (CAD; also more simply referred to as coronary heart disease) is a specific type of atherosclerosis, which is in turn a form of arteriosclerosis (Dulson, Fraser, LeDrew, & Vavitas, 2011). All of these medical conditions entail the same problem, which hinders proper blood flow of oxygenated blood in the arteries: the sclerosis (that is, hardening) of arteries in the circulatory system (Sclerosis [medicine], 2016). Arteriosclerosis is a general term used to describe the stiffening of arteries particularly resulting from the process of mere ageing, but may also occur due to the presence of other aspects such as hypertension and/or the accumulation of plaque in and/or on the arterial walls, which consists of numerous components including lipids (cholesterol in particular), calcium, and other substances present within the bloodstream; atherosclerosis is specifically associated with plaque buildup in the arteries (if it occurs in one of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the myocardial tissue itself, it is further classified as CAD) (Difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis, 2014; Dulson et al., 2011). CAD is a common, serious condition that may be fatal; hence, it is imperative that one understands the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease in order to help decrease its prevalence. This report is concerned with explaining the physiological effects of CAD on the body, latter-day

The common underlying pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome is associated by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery, resulting in the development of a thrombus. (AstraZeneca Australia, 2014). When plaques erode or rupture, the resulting thrombus restricts the flow of blood to the heart muscle. A prolonged lack of blood supply results in necrosis of heart muscle tissue and infarcted tissue remains permanently dysfunctional ("Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS): Coronary Artery Disease: Merck Manual Professional," 2014). Mr Pham’s electrocardiogram shows that he has anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction (anterior STEMI) Anterior Infarcts, which Mr Pham has suffered, tend to be larger, so it conveys a far worse diagnosis for the patient (Lome, 2014). It has been proven that outcomes from anterior and inferior infarctions carried a

Farrell & Dempsey (2014) suggests that the main cause of myocardial infarction (MI) is the underlying coronary artery disease (CAD), such as atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, is the abnormal accumulation of lipids, fatty substances or fibrous tissue in the lining of arterial blood vessels. These deposits, called atheromas, cause a narrowing or blockage of the arterial lumen which reduces blood flow to the myocardium. If the atheroma becomes too large it may rupture or haemorrhage into a plaque. The ruptured plaque becomes a site for thrombus formation, and this thrombus may then obstruct coronary blood flow resulting in an AMI

In this essay I will discuss theoretical principals of rehabilitation of a particular patient I cared for while on clinical placement. It will focus on the role of the multidisciplinary team involved in this rehabilitation process post acute myocardial infarction and the education and support given to the patient and her family during the discharge planning process. Also I will be including statistics and evidence of pathophysiology. The National Service Framework for Older People (Department of Health, 2001) sets out eight standards including standard three about intermediate care services that promote independence and provide effective rehabilitation services. Active rehabilitation is seen to reduce the risks of hospital readmission,