The 17th century proved to be a difficult time for the Spanish state, as it’s grip on the overseas empire was slipping, and the stagnant trade in the American colonies began to add to the mounting debt. During this time, other European powers had grown greatly in power, including the English, Dutch, and the French. After the death of Charles II, the Bourbon assumption of the Spanish throne heralded the onset of a host of changes in various laws and policies, both in Spain and overseas. The goals of these Bourbon reforms were simple, to strengthen Spain’s domain and control of its colonial holdings, which would lead to a strengthening of the empire. These reforms worked in several ways, first to increase production and trade within the colonies; …show more content…
These reforms would assign new Viceroys to Peru, New Granada, and Rio de la Plata. Equally important, in each province of the empire, “the government had come to be dominated by a small colonial establishment, composed of the Creole elite”. This elite group of Creoles consisted of “lawyers, great landlords and churchmen - a few long-serving officials from the peninsula and the great import merchants.”(399). The hastness of these reforms in the colonies was a direct result of the Creoles, whose influence, in the view of the crown, had grown too large. To lower the power of the Creoles, audiencias, or royal courts, were enlarged and their memberships were restricted to exclude most creoles. The underlying message in all of the political reforms, was the obvious affection towards peninsular Spaniards versus the determent of Creole …show more content…
In 1753, as part of the broader effort to reassert royal supremacy through religion, the Crown negotiated a concordat with Rome giving greater royal authority in the nomination and appointment of ecclesiastical authorities. This small step was almost insignificant when compared to the most important reform, which was the expulsion of the Jesuits from all of Spanish America (and Spain) in 1767. The numerous policies during the Bourbon regime ultimately altered future relations between the major power groups. The administration of these policies “itself was the first to disturb the balance.” Secondly, the “enlightened absolutism enlarged the function of the state at the expense of the private sector and ultimately alienated the local ruling class” which had previously held most of the control. The Bourbon reforms “overhauled imperial government, centralized the mechanism of control and modernized the bureaucracy.” In the colonies, new viceroyalties and other units of administration were created to further extend the Crown’s reach(8). Looking back, the success of the Bourbon reforms were only in the short term, since the administration of the policies would begin the process of independence. The largest mistake was the alienation of the Creoles, who in their respective colonies, held most of the power. To say
Colonial Latin American society in the Seventeenth Century was undergoing a tremendous amount of changes. Society was transforming from a conquering phase into a colonizing phase. New institutions were forming and new people and ideas flooded into the new lands freshly claimed for the Spanish Empire. Two remarkable women, radically different from each other, who lived during this period of change are a lenses through which many of the new institutions and changes can be viewed. Sor Juana and Catalina de Erauso are exceptional women who in no way represent the norm but through their extraordinary tales and by discovering what makes them so extraordinary we can deduce what was the norm and how society functioned during this era of Colonial
In a time when numerous countries were beginning to explore the new and exciting land of North America during the Age of Exploration, and groups of people from England and Spain were fleeing their home countries either for religious freedom or wealth, vast and civilized colonies began to form all throughout the New World. It is in this context that the colonies founded by the English and the Spanish began to develop and grow. There was a significant difference between the Spanish and New England colonies between 1492 and 1700 in terms of the treatment of indigenous people, and there were some immense similarities between the two colonies in terms of the role of religion in their society and the
In a time when the Native Americans were building complex structures and had control of all of the Americas, the Spanish arrived, and took control from the natives conquering the Americas and leaving behind their influence until 1680. Also in a time when new colonists are arriving from England to America to form settlements, and settlers begin to reconsider their traditions. It is in this context that the Spanish and New England colonists are compared and contrasted. The Spanish and New England colonies from 1492 to 1700 were significantly similar in terms of treatment of indigenous people and considerably different in control of religion and control of European government.
Those creoles pushing towards revolution to free themselves from Spanish rule felt that the Spanish crown was only abusing, discriminating and holding them back form growing economically. The elite felt they were not part of a revolution seeing themselves only as people who were All those part of the social context of Latin America, felt differently within Indians, on side of the Spanish King, though great abuse fell through. "Nonetheless, the Indians of New Spain (and elsewhere) enjoyed a set of legal privileges, exemptions, and protection which significantly interferes with their complete integration into colonial society, and kept them in a legal bubble of tutelage ruptured only with the advent of independent Mexican nationhood in the third decade of the nineteenth century (Van Young, 154). The point here is that where these and other legal and administrative remedies were applied in favor of the Indians of colonial New Spain, they were applied in the kings' name. Furthermore, religious and civic ritual of all kinds constantly stressed the centrality of the Spanish king to the colonial commonwealth, and his benevolence and fatherly concern with the welfare of his weakest subjects (Van Young 155). "Situated as they were between the Spaniards and the masses. The creoles wanted more than equality for themselves and less than equality for their inferiors" (Lynch, 44). The creoles discriminated against those in lower classes than themselves.
Throughout history, as we study Spain we can clearly recognize high and low points in their success. In the fifteen hundreds Spain had no influence on European affairs, Spain essentially vanished out of Europe. However, within one complete century Spain had become not only a leading power but they also had a great sense of effectiveness in Europe. Spain experienced a Golden age with many social, economic, political aspects. On the other hand, within
In the late 18th century, the Spanish monarchy decided to improve the defenses of its empire because of its many military losses in Europe. Because of this, the Spanish Crown was forced to increase revenues. Between 1765 and 1771, Spain sent José de Gálvez on an official tour of inspection of New Spain. He restructured the current taxes and their collection methods..
Dworkin, y M. K, and Nelsy Echávez-Solano. Spanish and Empire. Nashville, Tenn: Vanderbilt University Press, 2007. Print.
1). The Nations of Europe sought to expand their empire because they were on the verge of overpopulation.Between 1550 and 1600 the population grew from three million to four million people. Also, England and Spain were at a war for power. The Spanish attempts at colonizing the New World had been extremely successful, for they had gained both wealth and power. The English did not see such success, as their ships would crash, be lost to the seas, or their colonization efforts would cease to be useful. Through the Spaniards control over the Americas they had gained a massive naval army, noted as the Spanish Armada. The Spanish attempt to invade England in 1588 failed which lead to the beginning of the fall of the Spanish empire in the New World.
“Compare and contrast the early colonial empires of Portugal, Spain, and England in terms of motives, economic foundations, and relations with Africans and Native Americans. What factors explain the similarities and differences in the two ventures?”
There were many reasons the New World was the most wanted to explore. The Spanish, French, and English came about the New World the same way but for different reasons. The Spanish came in search for God, Gold, and Glory. The French, for money and religious conversions of Native Americans; and the English, to find religious freedom. Each of these empires expected to come and establish a powerful empire in the New World but came across difficulties along the way, their values dictating how they run their colonies.
In the 17th century, the Dutch Republic experienced a Golden Age and was able to maintain security, unity, and prosperity in its society and economy. The nation was considered a leading power, especially in trade and ideas, within Europe. However, it was not long before circumstances changed and the state face many problems establishing peace and agreement. By the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries, there had been a significant change in the Dutch Republic’s power, for multiple factors and reasons. From 1650 to 1713, not only external factors such as European intervention and British trading competition, but also internal division damaged the Dutch Republic and challenged its authority as a
A. The Spanish Crown’s bankruptcy in 1557 led Philip II to increase the sale of offices (pp. 99 – 100).
The Creoles were a group of people of Spanish blood that were born in America, Spanish immigrants and Spanish people called Peninsulares held most high ranking jobs. The Creoles led the fight for Latin American independence because they did not have positions politically and the economic system was unfair. Politically, the creoles didn’t have much of a say but they were more involved than other people lower on the hierarchical pyramid. The Creoles had the economic and social influence because of their higher position, but “the peninsulares monopolized all administrative positions” (Doc B).
Comprised of landowners, lawyers, judges, priests, military officers and public officials, the creole and mazomba leaders of Latin American society found insatiable inspiration from the American and French Revolutions of the eighteenth century, and flooded Latin America with a liberal movement for independent nations. Conservatives, in contrast, sought to preserve the traditions of the colonial period, and the Orthodox rule of both the church and foreign-born royal authorities. Yet Old World flavor soured bitterly in a New World teeming with liberal thinkers and daring rebels. Desiring to surpass Old World peninsular and reinós rulers, creole and mazomba won control over local resources and economic development.
Spanish powers dominated and influence much of the “known world” during the 16th Century. Spanish leader King Phillip II had reasons to eliminate their arch-rival England. His reasons were to convert the Protestants in England to the Church of Rome and to eliminate one of the major sea-fearing rivals for economic wealth.