I. Introduction
“One of the key stressors mediators face in practice relates to trying to support the achievement of party self-determination, at the same time as fulfilling an ethic of mediator neutrality.”
The above quote illustrates one of the difficulties mediators face under the current mediator neutrality ethical paradigm. Often, mediators struggle to keep their preconceived opinions and biases out of the process in order to maintain their neutral third-party stance and support party self-determination. Mediation is a dispute resolution process that primarily focuses on maximising parties’ self-determination. However, a paradox exists under the current mediator neutrality ethical paradigm. While mediators are not allowed to influence the content of decision-making in mediation, they must pay attention to the content of the settlement in order to ensure that the interests of all parties are represented. Under such circumstances, mediators are inevitably influenced by their own cognitive feelings and judgment. Consequentially, many have questioned whether it is even possible for a mediator to be neutral in any mediation process and uphold party self-determination.
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This essay explores one of the suggested alternatives – the contextual ethical approach.
For the purposes of this essay, we will be discussing the following issues:
a) the meaning of contextual ethics in relation to mediation;
b) whether contextual ethics offers a better way to ethically support parties in mediation;
c) the difference contextual ethics would make to Singapore’s current mediation ethics; and
d) suggested changes to be made to the Singapore International Mediation Institute’s (SIMI) code of professional conduct if Singapore were to embrace contextual ethics.
II. Contextual ethics in relation to
These mediation proceedings are not conducted under oath, do not follow traditional rules of evidence and are not limited to developing the facts. Mediators are expected to draw out the parties' perceptions and feelings about the events that have brought them into conflict. It also encourages parties to acknowledge
According to McCorkle and Reese (2015) many disputants may feel that their ideas are going to be perceived as inconsequential” (p 121). There is nothing worse in any conflict than not feeling your concerns acknowledge and have a feeling that whatever is said is meaningless. However, once everyone’s concerns have been acknowledged, it is up to the mediator to separate interest from position. Mostly every disputant has an interest, and defines the problem as a way to change the other responsible party’s behavior and not
“A mediator is a third party who assists interested parties in negotiating a conflict. A mediator controls the mediation process but does not have authority to decide the outcome for the parties” (Barsky, 2007). A mediator, in a given situation, helps to dissolve the conflict and looks to the best interest
Employees generally seek union representation because they feel their workplace rights from their employer are not being met, or that they have an unfair disadvantage in regards to any needs or workplace desires. They turn to unions to help bridge the gap and ease the power differential that exists between employers and their employees. In order for a group of employees to obtain representation, they must undergo an election process to choose their union or decide if they, as a unit, want a union at all. Here, we will discuss the history of and changes to the manner in which employee votes have been counted to determine an outcome in these elections.
Employees generally seek union representation because they feel their workplace rights from their employer is not being met, or that they have an unfair disadvantage in regards to any needs or workplace desires. They turn to unions to help bridge the gap and ease the power differential that exists between employers and their employees. In order for a group of employees to obtain representation, they must undergo an election process to choose their union or decide if they, as a unit, want a union at all (Cox, Bok, Gorman, & Finkin, 2012). Here, we will discuss the history of and changes to the manner in which employee votes have been counted to determine an outcome in these elections.
In the same way, the parties involved are encouraged to focus developing ways in which both parties’ core interests can be met. By doing so this would be a Compromising Strategy, both parties will win some and lose some; and the job of the mediator has been completed. If a mediator had been used at the beginning of this process, it would have helped Pacific Oil greatly at the start of the negotiating process; or at least Pacific Oil would have been better prepared to negotiate with Reliant Manufacturing.
The process of adjusting or settling disputes in a friendly manner through extra judicial means.
A problem that may be associated with mediation is power imbalance. Unfortunately, the mediator is only a third party which is present to assist the disputants with their communication to ensure it does not break down and help them reach a decision; however “the parties are in ultimate control, the mediator should not intervene even if one party has more bargaining power than the other” . This can in some cases result in an unfair agreement. Another adverse side of mediation is that; “basically anyone can hang out a sign and practice mediation” - meaning that mediators do not need to undergo a long period of study to ensure their professionalism and knowledge of dispute resolution. This can be harmful to the system and may result in cases being handled by unprofessional personals.
Whether or not disputants reach an agreement, the mediation approach offers a safe place where no one need feel embarrassed” (Griffin, 2009).
Traditional approaches to mediation assume that a conflict’s parties and a mediator share one compelling reason for initiating mediation: a desire to reduce,abate,or resolve a conflict.To this end,both sides may invest personnel,time,and resources in the mediation.This shared humanititarian interest maybe the only genuine reason in a few instances of mediation,but normally even this interest intertwines with other, less altruistic,
The awareness of these major differences in perception is very beneficial. This leaves both parties suddenly aware of what led to the dispute at hand. A careful consideration of the different positions, important issues, and alternate perceptions can give everyone an understanding of how difficult it is for a judge and/or jury to come to a fair conclusion. Who is right? Who is telling the truth? Who can prove their claims with proof?
Mediation is an ethical obligation. For those such as Jane, who have suggestions on what could be done to accommodate and seems out of the company’s will, a mediator may be able to make both parties meet half way or come to some sort of agreement. Ethically, companies “are obligated to ‘make meditation accessible to those who would like to use it,’ the Guidelines suggest that, in assessing whether to provide disability accommodations, ‘the broadest definition of disability should be applied, including chronic conditions, episodic symptoms, and temporary disabilities.’" (Cohen, 2005, n.p.).
I never imagined myself as a mediator, but prior to beginning this class I learned from previous students that it included role plays in which we mediated disputes between our classmates. I incorrectly assumed we would be thrust in a simple situation like helping mutual friends work out some simple disagreement. I did not realize we would practice our conflict management skills in so formal and serious a setting. I found the prospect somewhat daunting, but as the semester progressed I became increasingly comfortable with mediation. I performed well in certain aspects of the mediations and struggled, but improved in, others, culminating in my best mediation yet. In short, I improved my mediating abilities throughout the semester, progressing from an average mediator who performs adequately to an excellent one who effectively uses key mediation tactics, at least in role plays.
As the mediator I am a thirty four year old female and mother of five. I was raised around many cultures growing up with a similar cultural background of the female disputant. This conflict can be particularly complex for myself as mediator because of the potential bias that can occur with cultural differences. Even though I share similarities with the mother as mediator I must bring a non-bias perception to the resolution process and try to view the conflict from both parties’ sides with a resolution that satisfies both parties and the child. “Parties who perceived mediator bias in favor of the other party were much less accepting of the mediator’s actions.”(Poitras, 2009) The parties must have trust in the mediator if the dispute resolution
An agreement to mediate future disputes means that the parties want to present their side to a mediator, a third party who is neutral. This mediator’s