The First World War And The Reconstruction Of Britain

The First World War fought from 1914 to 1918 was one of the largest and most brutal catastrophes fought in the 20th century. With nearly the entire European continent fighting a barbaric and everlasting war, the U.S. had eventually to get involved in order to reinitiate stability to Europe. Ultimately, the U.S. taking involvement in World War I had a profound political, economic, and social impact on the country. It increased government powers and solidified the nation’s leadership role in foreign politics. The U.S. emerged as the world 's greatest industrial power with increasing financial opportunities for minorities. At the same time anti-immigrant and anti- communist sentiments arose among many American citizens. And finally the war contributed to the massive migration of African Americans from the Southern to Northern states looking for employment and freedom and, first time allowed women to participate in jobs that were traditionally reserved for men.

The New Brutalism is a term coined in the 1955 by Reyber Banham in his essay Architectural Critic in December 1995. In this essay Banham endeavour to summarise this (at that time) new emerging movement. Banham described how this movement has caused some polemics and critics. For some, Brutalism does not fulfil the standards of classical aesthetic. As Thomas Aquinas said beauty supposed to be quod visum placet(that which seen, pleases), image may be defined as quod visum perturbat - that which seen, affects the emotions, a situation which could subsume the pleasure caused by beauty. Brutalism recognised both by the Brutalist and their critics as being anti-art, or any rate anti-beauty in the classical aesthetic sense of the word.

Though the start of the modernisation may trace back to the beginning of Industrial Revolution. “Modernism in the design world did not exist in a fully developed form, until well after First World War.” (Wilk, 2006) Causing the great loss of lives and other countless damage to the world, it reshaped many people’s way of thinking the world. With the inspiration of early avant-garde movement, the modernism began to emerge advocating an utopian future and shared certain core principles by various styles of modernists: rejecting the past and applied ornament; forms follow function, a preference for

This survey paper will explore the early events of Reconstruction during and immediately after the Civil War. The topics that will be addressed in this survey paper will be the Thirteenth Amendment, the Freedmen's Bureau, the Black Code, the Fourteenth Amendment and finally some political and social achievements of Reconstruction. Reconstruction to African Americans began as a feeling of joy and triumph for their freedom which was taken away quicker than it took to receive but it just wasn't called slavery anymore.

The war was a conflict between allied powers (U.S., Great Britain, Soviet Union, France, and China) and the axis powers ( Germany, Italy, and Japan). Hitler had planned to take over everything. The axis powers won WW2 .

Brutalism is a style that originated during the world wars. These buildings were created from scratch using concrete as the principle element. The problem is that people today have an unfavorable opinion towards concrete structures. In historic preservation, a clear distinction between the old and the new is necessary. One way to engage the community in a didactic way without changing the building entirely is by using color to draw the public's attention.

Many events had led to the U.S turning away from international affairs after World War One, this making them an isolationist nation. Isolationism is the policy of remaining apart from affairs and otr interests of other groups, political affairs of other countries.

The period after World War I was known as the Interwar period. During this time nations such as France, the United States, Russia, and even Germany made changes in their armed forces. The changes included the reduction of force structure to technological improvements in weaponry. Britain became a leader among nations in military, particularly Army or ground innovations during the interwar years. Their ingenuity led to other nations taking all or some of the ideas to improve upon or add to their army. However, Britain's army was unable to achieve greatness from their innovations in armored warfare during the Inter-War period because of political constraints and an inability to foresee their future needs.

The Great War involved most of the adult population either 'head on' or discretely. On average, 6 million men served in Britain's armed forces during the course of the war. Many millions of innocent civilians had their lives affects to the overall changes, both economic and social that the war caused or added to. The impact of the war varied greatly between the different regions of the sommunity. There were many differences and considerations ; these being gender and social class, so it is had to dinstinguish and measure the war's exact impact on people's attitudes, beliefs and values.

The effect that World War I had upon civilians was devastating. WWI was a war that affected civilians on an unprecedented scale. Civilians became a military target.

During WWI Two major alliances was established, the Allies and the Central powers. The Allies consisted of France, Britain, Russia, Japan, United States and later Italy (Due to switching sides). They fought against the aggression on many european countries caused by the Central Powers. They later was also responsible for most of the terms in the Treaty of Versailles which ended the war making them victorious

To fully appreciate the differences and similarities between Postmodernism and Modernism, it is required to understand exactly what they are. Modernism is the term we give to the accumulated creations and activities of designers in the early 20th century, who had the theory that traditional forms of literature, religion, social organization, and most of all, art and architecture, had become outdated in the new social, political, and economic environment of a fully industrialised world. One of the main characteristics of Modernism is self-consciousness, which typically caused exstensive experimentations of form and function. The creative process of generating work was also explored, forming new techniques in design. Modernism rejected all ideology of realism and prefers to reference and parody works of the past. Postmodernism, on the other hand, is a radical rejection of Modernist design. Taking place in the late 20th century, it is a movement in art, criticism, and architecture that disputes the majority of modernist tendencies. The Postmodernist analysis of society and culture lead to the expansion of critical theory and advanced the works of architecture, literature, and design. This entire re-evaluation of the western value system of popular culture, love, marriage, economy, that took place from the 1950s and 60s, leading to the peak of the Social Revolution in 1968, is commonly referred as Postmodernity which influenced postmodern thought, as opposed to the term

Britain Faced A Major Social And Political Crisis In The Years 1910-1914 There were many reasons why Britain was facing a major Social and Political crisis in the years of 1910-1914, I have narrowed down the reasons to three major issues; The Suffrage movement, Industrial Unrest, Constitutional Crisis. I will be looking at these issues in more depth as to whether they can explain the Crisis. The first issue I will be looking at will be the Suffrage Movement.

Postmodernism is a universal movement, present in every art and discipline. In architecture, postmodernism is precise as well as ambiguous thereby in need of an explorative pursuit for a consensus of what is meant by the movement in this perspective - between the works of Charles Jencks, a primary theorist of this architectural turn; Heinrich Klotz, a leading architectural critic; and William Curtis, an architectural historian. The progression of this paper is highly influenced with Jencks’ studies as his works are often times referenced as well by both Klotz and Curtis in their individual interpretations and further accompanied with either supporting statements or contradictions.

Using the current discourse and other instances of attention surrounding the trend in Brutalism, three aspects will be discussed here in relation to the revival of interest to understand why the architectural period is receiving attention. A Significant amount of attention is situated on the internet through blogs and web pages, the blog titled fuckyeahBrutalism.tumblr.com (FYB) created on Tumblr by PhD candidate Michael Abrahamson in December 2010 which posts one high-quality image per day of buildings commonly described as Brutalist, has assembled a significant amount of followers and attention. Furthermore, there is a growing list of internet pages and blogs devoted to brutalist architectural imagery; new-Brutalism.tumblr.com; britishbrutalistarchitecture.blogspot.com.au;