Essential Practices for Successful Schools
Introduction
Successful schools don’t just happen. Many factors play vital roles in closing the educational gap found in the United States. Darling-Hammond (2010), identifies five essential practices that prove to be “…the most successful schools models….shared by elementary and secondary schools.” (p. 244). These practices include: small class and school size, personalized education, rigorous and relevant curriculum, performance-based assessments, and highly qualified educators who collaborate in planning and problem solving (Darling-Hammond, 2010, p. 244). “These kinds of changes needed are not a mystery….Researchers have discovered that in such ‘communitarian’ schools, students are better
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Smaller class or school size offers an academic community in which the atmosphere of safety and recognition of students is felt. Small school populations attribute to the “decrease in incidence rates when the adults know all of the students in the school well” (Darling-Hammond, 2010, p. 245). Furthermore, Darling-Hammond (2010) commends school size to influence “…more positive attitudes about school, higher level of student participation and attendance, ….and [is] most effective for the lowest-income and traditionally lowest-achieving students” (p. 245). Institutes that “allow for personalization and strong relationships” is the second of Darling-Hammonds’ essential practices for successful schools. Taking time to know individual students creates a caring atmosphere where effective academic support can transpire. “By knowing students well, teachers are more able to tailor instruction to students’ strengths, needs, experiences, and interests. Personalization substantively influences students’ investment in learning by nurturing strong relationships and accountability between students and teachers…” (Darling-Hammond & Friedlaender, 2008, p.
Overcrowded schools are one of the many reasons why America is falling backwards. With high birth rates and continuous immigration flow the classroom has become overcrowded. The best way a student can learn is if the attention is not so divided. With large classrooms having over 30 students, it makes it almost impossible for a teacher to attend to each student equally. “Slavin (1989) reviewed those studies that lasted a minimum of 1 year and had 20 students or fewer. He concluded that substantial reductions in class size have a small positive effect on students” (Synopsis of Class Size Literature). Classrooms should be small enough for a teacher to perform well without divided attention. In smaller classrooms, students are recognized for their contribution and participation. Students can respect the work of their peers individually and learn from them and help maintain order. They have more time to be collaborative, work creatively, think critically and draw their own predictions. In “Every Classroom Teacher’s Dream”, Patricia Handley states that “Teachers have more opportunity for personalized assessment with students, such as individual conferencing. With a small class, teacher can maximize best teaching practices, heightening students’ academic achievement” (6). There is ample evidence on how a small classroom can improve so much.
Students in the classroom come from a variety of backgrounds. Their lives are shaped by their families, their communities, but also their peers in school whom they will spend hours a day with throughout their educational career. The ability to form relationships with others, to create lasting friendships that grow and evolve with time, is detrimental to all children and their development. Lacking the ability to do so, whether it is directly because of their conditions or because of how other students perceive them, can dramatically harm them emotionally and mentally.
Smaller class sizes are a pivotal reason as to why parents should send their children to private school. Private schools have smaller class sizes, which allow for more individualized instruction on various subject matters, and they improve student-teacher relationships. For instance, “Small classes allow teachers to give students more individual attention and lighten the teacher’s workload, and therefore are generally considered desirable” (Choy 14). Subsequently, by having a smaller class size, a student
According to Malcolm Gladwell chapter two of “David and Goliaths” economist Caroline Hoxby found that there was not any significant data indicating smaller classroom sizes had a greater effect on a child’s academic achievement. However; Diana Whitmore Schanzenbach from National Education Policy Center (NEPC), Northwestern University has contradicted Gladwell’s assertion that smaller classroom sizes were not an academic advantage. Schanzenbach review research done by Tennessee’s Student Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR) and found many flaws that had been considered in Hoxby research that conflicted with much of the research that has already been concluded. There has been a considerable amount of research and much of it has concluded with: the children who were placed in a classroom with less students from kindergarten to third grade, scored higher during academic testing, and were more likely to continue to achieve higher grades throughout their school years. Because education is an important stepping stone for children, it is crucial their educational needs are exceeded while they are young and still able to grasp.
Identifies skills, theories of change, program designs, partnerships, and ways of building schools where students achieve.
Growing up, I attended a very small K-8 elementary school that due to its size became a very close-knit community. While a smaller school may provide a ton of advantages academically, the low class sizes also meant that cliques were very prevalent without there being many
The evidence suggests that increasing class size will not only harm children’s test scores in the short-run, but also in their long-run human capital formation. Money is saved from increasing class size will be more substantial social and educational costs in the future. In addition to high costs, reducing class size have unintended consequences. When California lowered class sizes in 1996, they realized that they did not have enough teachers to meet the challenge. Schools were forced to hire new teachers and add portable classmates to accommodate the state
The researcher determines that having stronger teacher-student relationships can lead to greater social-emotional developments because students feel more comfortable to take risks both socially and academically. Small schools have smaller
A small class is consider to be twenty students or less. In smaller schools there are not as many students so the teachers will be able to help the students more one on one. Students can have a better idea of the content that they are learning and even if they don’t understand then the could talk to the teacher to have a better understanding. In a recent study, students and teachers were randomly assigned to a small class, with an average of 15 students, or a regular class, with an average of 22 students. This large reduction in class size (7 students, or 32 percent) was found to increase student achievement by an amount equivalent to about 3 additional months of schooling four years later. Also, increasing the pupil/teacher ratio in the U.S. by one student would save at least $12 billion per year in teacher salary costs alone, which is roughly
Nitta, Holley and Wrobel in their study summarized the “arguments against consolidation [as being], smaller schools provide students with better support; smaller schools provide more accessible extra-curricular activities; [consolidation] causes teacher stress; hurts vacated communities; hurts students by requiring them to ride buses for long periods of time; leads to reduced parent participation.” The reactions of the relocated students and teachers are different than those at the receiving school. Students are faced with the anxiety of going to a new building, meeting new peers and teachers, and enduring a lengthy bus ride. In small schools, a student will receive more interaction with the teacher than is possible in a class of increased size. Extra-curricular activities such as basketball, band and choir may have more participants, since the location of the school is usually centered in the community. When students are separated to various districts, close friends, who have been together since childhood, find themselves parting ways. Usually in the larger the school, there arises more conflict among individuals and peer groups. There
Since 1805 public schools have been the backbone of many Americans and their strive for an education. On top of this, public schools, according to the Huffington Post, equate to 91% or 50.7 million of those attending pre-Kindergarten through the 12th grade. But, with other school types such as year-round attending over 2 million students, the question begs, “Which school type provides their students with the best education”?
Smaller schools offer a more personal experience than bigger schools.“Smaller schools offer a more one-on-one experience between teachers and students” (Size matters: The difference between big and small schools). The system has about 13-15 kids in each class.” This allows about 400 kids in the whole school” says Bruce O Baker.This allows the students to be singled out if they are struggling. The teacher can also focus on each individual student for a longer amount of time because the teacher won't have 30 kids talking all at once and not being able to get to everyone that has questions. This will allow the students to understand the material. The teachers can also teach better, in theory, because there won't be as many distractions in the
It is pretty apparent that in America, and elsewhere, most parents and general adults want what is best for their children in terms of education. This mindset can be seen reflected in the legislative aspects of our education system; there are many incentives pushing through the school boards and legislatures of our nation in order to attempt to further refine the education system. This is important as it allows us to refine traditional American education in order to improve upon it, and one of these attempt refinements and improvements has to deal with the subject of class size. For many people, large classroom sizes are a spawning ground for many issues with the education system: high distraction in the classroom, teacher inefficiency, among a plethora of others. Although it may seem regressive to favor small classes over bigger, more potentially diverse classes, small class sizes are more beneficial for education in that it is less distracting for the students and raises the possibility of staying focused, it potentially raises teacher-student relationships, and it allows for better results and better statistics coming from these smaller classes.
Supporters of co-education argue that friendships develop in a very natural way in co-educational schools. This occurs because there are a
Many parents feel their children are not being challenged enough in public schools. Some of these children are doing well but clearly could do more, could be stretched intellectually. From their parents' point of view, they spend far too much time watching television, wandering around the mall, or playing games on their computers. Many parents are consequently drawn to private schools because of the academic rigor that comes with smaller classes, more personal attention, and teachers who nurture and promote each child's talents. There is no question that private schools offer smaller classes than most public schools in the country. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 1998-99 the median student-teacher ratio in NAIS schools was 9 to 1 while that in public schools was 17 to 1. Smaller classes make it difficult for a student to hide or slide. In a room with only 14 other students, it is difficult to remain uninvolved or consistently unprepared. Teachers can get to know 15 students much better and faster than 30. Smaller classes promote more faculty member-student interaction, and most kids