HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
Comparison of HIV species Species Virulence Infectivity Prevalence Inferred origin
HIV-1 High High Global Common Chimpanzee
HIV-2 Lower Low West Africa Sooty Mangabey
HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus, part of the family Retroviridae.
HIV is a sexually transmitted disease that attacks the body’s immune system by diminishing CD4 cells that help prevent and fight illnesses. HIV is a virus, more specifically a retrovirus that transcribes its RNA into the host cell’s DNA, and is spread by a transfer in bodily fluids namely drug injection and condomless sex. As the disease progresses into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the virus continues eliminating CD4 cells until the immune system becomes virtually ineffective [5]. Scientists first identified HIV in 1985 in response to the AIDS crisis plaguing the United States [6]. With no cure yet available, those affected with HIV must rely on antiretroviral drug therapy to decrease their chances of developing AIDS [7].
What is HIV? It is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS if not treated. The Kaiser Family Foundation (2008), states that HIV attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system fight off infections. If left untreated, it reduces the number of T-Cells in the body, making the person more likely to get other infections. Also noted is the fact that HIV destroys so many of these cells that it renders the body helpless in fighting off the infections, while it takes advantage of the weaker immune system. This occurrence is part of the
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), is an infection that is sexually transmitted. It can be spread by contact with any blood that carries the infection or from mother to child through birth. Also, If a mother is infected with HIV after the birth of her child, the infection can still be passed on through breast feeding. HIV attacks your immune system, mainly focusing on the T-cells. T-cells (T lymphocytes) are a type of white blood cell that are very essential for human immunity. There are many different kinds of T-cells but can be put into two main groups; helper T-cells and killer T-cells. Killer T-cells use X-Ray vision
It is estimated that 34 million people are currently diagnosed with HIV (Bakhshaee, Sarvghad,, Khazaeni, Movahed, & Hoseinpour, 2014, para. 1). HIV consists of two strains, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more commonly seen world wide and can progress rapidly (Darby, 2015, 861). The slower progression is the HIV-2, most commonly seen in West Africa and is related to the sooty mangabey monkey (Darby, 2015, 861). HIV is a virus that prevents the body’s normal host response from activating to fight off illnesses that the body could normally fight off if the body was not compromised. Once the body experiences immunosuppression, the likelihood of death due to the disease is at a higher chance. HIV is called a
AIDS is the disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus type 1, or HIV-1 (referred to as HIV). HIV belongs to the retrovirus family, a group of viruses that have the ability to use cell 's ' machinery to replicate. HIV attacks the immune system by damaging or killing a specific type of white blood cell in the body called a T-lymphocyte, also called a CD4+ or T-helper cell. T-lymphocytes help the immune system perform its important task of fighting diseases in the body caused by invading germs. As a result of HIV infection, the immune system becomes weakened and the body has trouble battling certain infections caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Many of these infections are highly unusual in people with healthy immune systems. They are called opportunistic infections because they take advantage of a weakened immune system. People with HIV disease not only are more likely to contract these infections, they are more likely to have them repeatedly and to become much more sick from them.
In the early 1970’s, scientists in Japan and the United States began to study animal retroviruses to gain further knowledge about viruses that caused leukemia. Although animal retroviruses existed in non-human primates, it was believed that human retroviruses did not exist. However, after the T-cell lymphtropic virus was isolated from a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, the human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) became the first human retrovirus discovered and marked the beginning of scientific milestones.
Adults are not the only population affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Children are also affected by this virus. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), in the United States, there is more than a 90% decline in children who are infected with HIV prenatally since the mid-1990s. This is due to HIV testing and preventive interventions. The most common route of HIV infection in children is through perinatal transmission. Perinatal transmission is when a mother passes the infection to her baby. This transmission is through labor and delivery, breastfeeding, or during pregnancy (CDC, 2013).
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an immune system disorder that can be contracted through sexual activity as well as other types of contact. (Healthy Living, pg. 79) If left untreated this virus can turn into AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is the final stage of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (aids.gov) AIDS is an incurable progressive disease that causes gradual destruction of CD4 T cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (Diseases, pg. 431) A healthy adult has a CD4 T cell count of 1,000 or more but a person suffering from HIV could have a count lower than 200. CD4 T cells are crucial to the immune system; without them the immune system would not have the ability to fight off infections.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that alters the immune system, making the population with HIV vulnerable to infections and diseases. HIV can be found in the body fluids of an infected person. The virus is passed from one person to another through blood-to-blood and sexual contact. HIV can be transmitted in many ways, such as vaginal, oral sex, anal sex, blood transfusion, and contaminated needles. Patients with HIV cannot clear to virus out of their bodies like most other viruses do. Once a patient is diagnosed with HIV, he will have it for life. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2015), HIV can stay in the body for a long time and attack ones T-cells or CD4 cells, which are the cells that are needed
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a deadly retrovirus that can progress into AIDS. The progression of HIV has become rapid worldwide over the last few decades. The patient should not feel as if the disease or virus defines the overall character of the patient. The dental hygienist will play an important role in making the patient feel comfortable and in a judgment free environment. Standards precautions are still the same when treating all patients with or without a compromising disease or virus. However, the hygienist is often times the first to recognize the first signs of oral manifestations of HIV. Therefore, the dental hygienist will play an important role in improving the quality of a patient 's life that is compromised by HIV.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Humans are the only beings that can get this infection. The HIV infection can find and attack a significant type of white blood cell that the human body needs to fight diseases. These cells are called CD4 cells, or T-cells. Once the infection starts to attack your T-cells, it will start using them to make copies of itself. Once the virus attacks the majority of the T-cells in the immune system, the body cannot fight off other sicknesses, including the flu and the common cold. ("What is HIV/AIDS?")
First of all, we need to define what is “The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)”. HIV is a virus and it is considered a lentivirus (family of Retroviridae). This virus causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV was discovered and considered the agent of the emerging AIDS epidemic by the team of the scientific Luc Montagnier in France in 1983. The virus is spherical, equipped with a jacket and with a capsid protein. Virus’s genome is a single-stranded RNA strand DNA and must be copied temporarily to multiply and integrate into the genome of the cell it infects. Protein antigens of the outer casing are coupled specifically with membrane proteins of the infectable cells, especially CD4 T lymphocytes.
HIV is known as one of the great pandemics in history, and it is most prevalent in western Africa. Even with new scientific discoveries and improved technology, vaccines are consistently unsuccessful because the virus is able to mutate very quickly and make many errors in the process, which makes it extremely difficult for researchers to formulate a vaccine. The virus can be treated with antiretroviral drugs, but many people being treated do not adhere to the regimen, causing the virus to worsen and drug resistant strains to develop. HIV affects people in all parts of the world, and there are many ethical issues regarding the vaccine trials that have been conducted, especially in developing countries.
HIV is an incurable disease that affects the immune system by attacking T cells (help to fight infections) which unlike normal cells throughout the body cannot be rejuvenated. HIV is contracted through exposure to blood or bodily fluids containing the virus, weakening the immune system to levels in which the body becomes prone to infection and illness. Due to lack of
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retro virus that causes AIDs by infecting the T Helper cells of the body’s immune system. The AIDS virus is the final stages of the HIV virus. HIV is a lentivirus genus, which is a subgroup of the retrovirus that causes the AIDS virus. Even with proper treatment, an infected person has a life expectancy of less than ten years.As the virus weakens the human immune systems, this effectleaves the patient compromised and at risk to opportunistic infections that the body would have once had the ability to fight, such as the flu, colds, and pneumonia. HIV attacks the cells in our immune system such as the helper T cells and is directly related to the CD4*T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The HIV infection diminishes the levels of CD4*T cells. When the CD4*T cells drop to a critical low level, the body then becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections. Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the virus that was initially discovered and termed both LAV and HTLV-III. It is a more virulent strain, more infective, and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally. The lower infectivity of the HIV-2 strain compared to HIV-1 implies that fewer of those exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure. Because of its relatively poor capacity for transmission, HIV-2 is largely confined to West Africa. (Wikipedia, 2014)