The Importance Of Chromosomes

An alternative strategy for storing the female germ cells is cryopreservation of ovarian tissue. This method allows the storage of a large number of oocytes (within primordial follicles). Unlike fully grown oocytes, oocytes in primordial follicles tolerate cryopreservation very well. Several characteristics make them less vulnerable to cryodamage. The most important of these features are:

Reproductive cloning is similar to IVF because it also brings embryo into existence. This potential infertility treatment involves the creation of embryo using the genetic material of the parent. This is done by extracting nucleus from the person’s somatic cell and transfer into an oocyte through somatic cell nuclear transfer. Thus, the processed oocyte

One reason is this is a huge advancement into the future of bringing extinct animals back as there is more possibilities than just a woolly mammoth. After you figure out the pattern of cloning this beast you can figure out many more ways to clone animals. I read in an article on TheGuardian.com that scientists have thought if somehow they could figure out how to clone these mammoths then they could open a whole new world of possibilities. DNA replication is super hard so finding the correct pieces of DNA to put together and find the way of cloning the exact body type would be world renowned.

Using a salamander, proved that the cell nucleus from an early embryonic cell can effectively substitute for the nucleus in a fertilized egg.

Dr. Schiewe is the high complexity lab director at Ovagen Fertility Newport Beach and the scientific laboratory director at California Cryobank. Over the last three decades, he has helped IVF labs worldwide protect and transfer embryos in the blastocyst stage and improve pregnancy rates. Dr. Schiewe has published over 35 peer-reviewed papers and 70 abstracts. He also serves as a journal reviewer for Fertility and Sterility and Theriogenology. For more information about Dr. Schiewe and his work, please visit

Cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer, involves complex maneuvering. A cell is first taken from the body of the person or animal to be cloned. It is then inserted into an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed, thus creating the equivalent to a zygote, or fertilized egg. After certain chemical adjustments, the cells of the zygote divide and multiply, as if it had been created from an egg and sperm. The zygote becomes a blastocyst, an early-stage, five-day-old embryo consisting of about 150 stem cells. If the blastocyst is placed into a surrogate mother’s uterus, it could possibly develop into a fully grown person, a replica of the original cell’s donor.

The source suggests that it isn't difficult to clone a mammoth as scientists have already sequenced the 80% of mammoth gene and could bring a mammoth back to life by inserting the nucleus from a mammoth cell into an Asian elephant egg. The resulting baby would contain features of a mammoth. The current issue faced by scientists is that extinct species such as mammoths may be infected with diseases that other animals in tundra have lost immunity to over thousands of years . If these diseases are released into the environment it could be a disaster for the ecosystem as a whole. Furthermore, it is stated that using an Asian elephant surrogate mother could be risky for the elephant as mammoths and elephants only share 99% of the DNA and are as

Reproductive cloning consists of four main steps. The entire genetic code of an organism is reproduced from one single body cell of an adult individual, which in this case would be the body cell from the extinct species that has been preserved. For this experiment of cloning, scientists could use the most common technique which is somatic cell nuclear transfer, which is also known as SCNT. The only piece of genetic material that is not needed for this type of reproduction cloning is the mitochondrial DNA. (BioCentre, March

Because of human activities, whether it be deliberate or by accident, numerous animals have become extinct, and more are still dying today. Scientists are trying to bring back extinct species by taking DNA from living or intact cells of said extinct species, putting them into an embryo that has been emptied of its own DNA then transferring the embryo that has the new DNA into a surrogate mother. However, most of these embryos are either miscarried, die right after birth due to organ deformities, or the mother never even got pregnant in the first place. Another added challenge is that some eggs from endangered species that scientists want to clone to prevent them from going extinct don’t last more than a couple of hours, before there is nothing

In the feature article "Wooly Mammoth DNA inserted into Elephant cells," the author, Tanya Lewis, explains scientist opinion about cloning a hybrid mammoth-elephant. According to the article scientist decided to insert the Mammoth DNA in a lab-grown elephant cell. The article claims that scientist not only used the DNA of a mammoth they have also used Tasmanian tiger, Pyrenean ibex and a passenger pigeon before. According to Scientist these animals are all candidates for de-extinction, by cloning them they could bring them back from extinction. Scientist The article suggest that if this experiment works this could save elephants from humans and help as many endangered species improve their long-term viability.

This is not the first time that scientists have used this method to clone animals.. The first animal to ever have been cloned was Dolly the sheep.

The resulting embryo is then transferred to the woman's uterus (womb) to implant and develop naturally.” (Garcia, 2005)

The nucleus containing the donor cells will produce an embryo with the exact same genetic information as the donor cow. In Further detail, the nucleus which contains the organisms DNA of a somatic cell (a body cell other than sperm or an egg cell) is removed and the rest of the cell is seemingly discarded. At the same time the nucleus of an egg cell is removed. Afterwards the nucleus of the somatic cell is then inserted into the egg cell. After being inserted into the egg cell, the somatic cell nucleus is reprogrammed by the host cell. The egg now containing the nucleus of a somatic cell, is stimulated with a shock called mild electric pulse and will begin to divide. After many mitotic divisions, this single cell forms a blastocyst (an early stage embryo with about 100 cells) with almost identical DNA to the original organism. To make Daisy, researchers isolated a somatic cell from an adult female cow. Next they would have removed the nucleus and all of its DNA from an egg cell. Then

In 1967, Derek Bromhall decided to tackle the untouched region of mammalian cloning. In order to attempt nuclear transfer for mammalian embryos, Bromhall developed the microsurgical equipment and techniques that were required. By using a glass pipette, Bromhall transferred the nucleus from a rabbit embryo cell into a rabbit egg without a nucleus. He concluded his experiment as a success when an advanced embryo was produced. Although, cloning had led to marvelous discoveries through various experiments, it was not until 1996, when the first mammal was created through somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this astonishing experiment, Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell created a lamb by transferring the nucleus from a lamb sheep udder cell into an enucleated egg. Since

The purpose of the experiment was to understand how reproductive cells can divide and reproduce and what is being reproduced in the duplication process. This process will assist researchers in understanding the role of the Y chromosome and its evolution over time. An experiment was conducted where RNA-sequence data for 166 tissue samples from nine mammals and two birds were observed (Cortez et al. 2014). Cortez et al. (2014) sequenced genomic DNA from two individuals and then assembled the Y and W linked transcripts. Next, the Y/W transcripts were validated by aligning the male and female Illumina genomic readings. In order to validate this, a large-scale subtraction approach was used. Next, Cortez et al. (2014) reconstructed the Y-linked genes using genomic data and then defined the Y gene names and the X gametologues. Experimenters predicted the multi-copy genes and the characterization of x-linked contigs and genes in platypus. A phylogenetic analysis was used to align the coding sequences for phylogenetic tree reconstructions based on amino acid sequences. All trees were inspected for evidence of gene conversion but could not find any. Thus, it is not frequent in the evolution of sex chromosomes (Cortez et al. 2014). Cortez et al. (2014) have concluded that the XY system is not only unique to males, but similar to the ZW system found in female birds.