The Influence Of School Integration

According to Joel Spring in the Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality, it was a big mistake for the U.S. Supreme Court to declare the segregation of schools constitutional. Under the segregation laws, many minor students struggled to receive a good education. The southern state governments passed the laws around the federal laws to restrict the educational rights of all minor students. When the U.S. Supreme Court tried to end the segregation, the nation faced the resistance from the segregationists. The segregation of school was not over until the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In addition, the courts ruled that the Brown vs. Board of Education decision apply to all school in U.S.

The Chicago Public School system was slow to integrate even after the Brown v. Board of Education ruling of 1954. It took much protesting, federal involvement and public outrage to finally bring about more racial equality for the students of Chicago. While the Brown v. Board of Education ruling is thought of as being the reason any racial equality was brought to schools after such long hardships for the African American students, Chicago had a difficult time bringing the ruling to fruition and federal involvement was needed. The Chicago Public School’s Desegregation Consent Decree of 1980 was the order that changed the public schools for the good. Chicago’s story of integration is different than those of other big cities in the U.S, due to the federal government 's large involvement. Through the years after the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling, the School Superintendents changed and school desegregation was faced in different ways. This essay examines what led to the federal government 's involvement with the Chicago Public School system’s desegregation plan. As well as the effects of desegregation on all students in Chicago.

The book “Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy” by James T. Patterson is about the struggles leading up to the fight for the desegregations of public schools and the outcomes. The struggles accelerated to civil rights movement in the 1950s. Patterson describes in details about the difficult road to the Supreme Court, the outcome of the Supreme Court decision, the resistance by whites people, especially in the Deep South and the struggles to implement the challenging transition. Discriminatory practices were apparent in the United States but it was a lot worse in the Southern States. The Jim Crow Law mandated the segregation of public schools, public places, public transportations, restrooms, restaurants,

Brown v. The Board of Education was one of the most critical Supreme Court cases in history, defying the social structure of the country, challenging the law, and sparking a revolution. Its decision made on May 17, 1954 stated that “separate facilities are inherently unequal” which granted victory to Oliver Brown. This Supreme Court case deemed the declaration of state laws to separate public schools for whites and colored to be unconstitutional, but there was nothing the court could do to prevent racism towards the minorities. Although the government could integrate the schools, there was nothing the government could do to eliminate the racism that creeped the streets of our nation. This ruling was extremely controversial,

Desegregation has been a pressing matter throughout the United States since the early 1600’s. Since the day that the first African slaves were brought to America, people of color have been fighting to gain equality, even to the death. They have made significant progress, one of the most important being the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation ending slavery. Another significant advancement for racial equality was the ruling of the trial of Brown vs. Board of Education. Had the supreme court not issued the federal mandate of Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954 to enforce integration in public schools, desegregation would not have happened until after the civil rights leaders and activists completed their movement in the mid-to-late twentieth century.

"Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does." --quote from the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education U.S. Supreme Court decision. To this day, Brown Versus the Board of Education is known as one of the most significant Supreme Court rulings of the 20th century. Brown versus the Board of Education stated that racial segregation of students disrupted parts of the 14 amendment. The outcome of this case would end up causing a full racial revolution across the United States of America, (U.S.) and a new way of schooling and acceptance

The road to the historic desegregation of Little Rock Central High school began in the 1930’s when the NAACP tasked future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall with fighting segregation in schools. By 1950 he had helped to strike down segregation in universities in several states. In 1951, the NAACP aided parents of black children attending public schools in Topeka, Kansas in attempting to overturn the state’s segregation laws. After a three year court battle, the 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education Topeka culminated in the abolishment of school segregation laws in 21 states. (Seeds 1)

Board of Education case did not end racial discrimination, as state governments all over the country openly and surreptitiously obstructed the new federal law by coming up with policies of interposition which declared state’s rights to circumvent any federal law that they deemed unconstitutional. It was rejected in the 1958 Supreme Court case Cooper v Aaron, and states resorted to other methods with the creation of white citizen’s councils supported by state funding, closing of public schools, and the firing of Blacks from local jobs if they dared to try to integrate their children into the white schools. Also, whites opened private schools funded by the state, riots and physical destruction of schools by bombing. With the elimination of the two school systems there was termination and non-hiring of Black teachers, black students who integrated the white schools were unjustly disciplined with suspensions and expulsions, and were placed in classed with inferior curriculums. In the north, there were riots against school busing, white flight initiated a movement of people to suburban communities, leaving the urban center predominantly Black and taking their tax dollars outside of the cities. This created less resources to fund schools leading to overcrowded populations, inferior facilities, and equipment. Also, the idea of community control by enacted decentralization program was combated and obstructed by predominately white teachers and residents afraid of the

Ayscue, Jennifer B., Brian Woodward, John Kucsera, Genevieve Siegel-Hawley, and Gary Orfield. “Segregation Again: North Carolina’s Transition from Leading Desegregation Then to Accepting Segregation Now.” Research. School Segregation in the Eastern States. Los Angeles:

During the 1950’s and 60’s, racial segregation was unfortunately still occurring in our society due to centuries of discrimination as well as the heinous act of slavery. In 1954, a critical turning point was reached during the famous Brown v. Board of Education case. Educational institutions could no longer discriminate based on the color of a student’s skin (McKenzie, & Kress, 2015). Although, Brown v. Board of Education worked in theory, there was still a long path ahead for achieving complete equality in education. Furthermore, in 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson passed a law called the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA) which could be considered the parent of most modern education laws (McKenzie, & Kress, 2015). Under this law, all students, regardless of race, poverty level, gender, or

Despite its polarity, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 brought about amazing results. Through programs such as the Magnet School Assistance Program, Upward Bound, and Head Start, the wealth of opportunity provided by these programs spurred a convergence of cultures, resulting in record-breaking diversity statistics in parts of the country that were so deeply entrenched in racial turmoil, they were once considered to be lost causes. However, after nearly twenty years of steady progress, recidivism would eventually manifest. The fruits bared by the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 slowly began to unravel due to a combination of factors which red-lining, “white-flight”, school choice, gentrification, and a Judicial System intent on staying out of such a racially charged fray. This paper offers an in depth analysis in to the purpose of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, the progress attainted through the policy’s first twenty years of implementation followed by its subsequent regression, and the factors attributing the ineffectiveness of the law. Finally, this paper will look at the current role of education integration policy, as well as potential solutions to achieving integration in an ill-perceived post

Research shows that in low-income schools, through the years 1960 through 1980, public schools in American neighborhoods became racially integrated. Around the years 1970 through 2009, American neighborhoods increased more in segregation. In the year 1980, public schools and neighborhoods had divided. Fewer whites attended schools with low-income classmates, non-white students are more likely to attend at the same income in neighborhoods of poverty.

According to Lavin, the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education which ended the segregation of schools , was the beginning of change in the U.S. for equal access to education by all U.S. citizens including those categorized as minority groups. The previously held theory, before Brown v. Board of

Throughout history school integration has been somewhat of a war, but why? Although school integration should be something that is praised because of what it has done for children in the past, many people and administrators do all in their power to prevent school integration. We claim as a society that all children should have the same opportunities, but in many cases that is not an option without school integration. In order to grow as a rising society, it is important for people to set aside what their negative beliefs about school integration are if it means a better future for children who otherwise would not have the chance to thrive as they should.

While whites desperately resisted integration, blacks eagerly fought for their place in the education system. Before the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education, the education system functioned on the notion of separate-but-equal. This idea, established by the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, created a fallacy that children of different races could learn at equal levels while segregated (Hine). However, the “doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” (NAACP, 82). Not only were such facilities unequal, but they also had a “detrimental effect upon the colored children” (U.S Supreme Court 72). Colored children believed that white was the preferred skin color of society. This fact, established through research and