The Localization Of Proteins Inside Cells

HPV is so common in the United States that nearly all men and women will contract the virus at some point during life (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2017). In the United States, in 2008, it is reported that 3.2 million, or one in four adolescent women, ages 14 to 19 have had or have an STD (Kostas-Polston et al., 2012). The rate of HPV cases has only increased since 2008. The prevalence of a genital infection with any HPV type was 42.5% among United States during 2013–2014 (CDC, 2017). The incidence of HPV in the United States is about 14 million people each year.

In today’s society individuals can be affected by a number of different viruses and infections. A virus is defined as “various numbers of submicroscopic parasites that can infect any animal, plant, or bacteria and often lead to very serious or even deadly diseases”. One of the most widespread viruses alive today is the Human Papillomavirus commonly known as HPV. HPV can be spread during any kind of sexual encounter even without penetration; it is most frequently spread by skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity with the penis, scrotum, vagina, vulva, or anus of the infected individual. There are more than a 100 different types of HPV viruses, which can be considered

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world. It's also one of the most feared, due to mounting evidence showing links between HPV and cancers of the cervix, throat, anus, and penis.

HPV, human papillomavirus is a communal infection that is common among adults. It is one of the main sources of sexual transmitted infection. Over 75% of women that are sexually active are most likely to be infected at least once in their life. This virus is known to be a worldwide disease. According to the World Health Organization, the risk of acquiring HPV infection is highest soon after a sexual encounter. Most of these infections are self-limiting and harmless. The virus is harmless because a number of people don’t realize they are infected, because the virus is often subclinical. Persistent infections with oncongenic HPV types can cause cervical cancer in women. Even though, both male and female can be affected by the

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) remains the most commonly sexually transmitted infection in both males and females. (Giuliano et al., 1999).

The Human Papillomavirus is transmitted through sexual contact. Specifically in males, it can lead to cancers of the anus, penis, and pharynx. The estimated probability that a sexually active person will get a new genital HPV infection is between 29% and 39% (Hawke). The Human Papillomavirus infects both males and females; however, the protective benefit in heterosexual males has not yet been explored. Therefore, this study monitored the efficacy of the HPV vaccine in heterosexual males to see how it affected both the short-term and long-term health of their female partners. This study demonstrated that heterosexual males who received the vaccination and their unvaccinated partners showed higher anti-HPV antibody titer levels, decreased HPV positivity results via PCR tests, and decreased cancer development rates than the unvaccinated men and their unvaccinated partners. For the Pap smears, those with both groups of men were tested and it was found that women with unvaccinated men were more likely to have abnormal Pap smears than those who were with vaccinated men. The initial goal of developing the HPV vaccination in 2006 was to protect women against cervical cancer (Edgar). As the years progressed, males were encouraged to receive the vaccination, and the results of our study reveal the dual role of vaccinating men in protecting against certain types of anal and penile cancer, as well as serving as increased protection to their partners.

There has been many cases reported a year of people infected with various sexually transmitted infections. There are number of STI’s that are known to be common due to how often it’s contracted, tested, reported and treated. Currently, one of the main STIs that have become more common and is a major public health concern in the United States is the Human papilloma virus, also better known as HPV. Human Papilloma virus (HPV) has created a rapid spread among many individuals who have become exposed due to sexual contact with those who are infected. HPV is linked to many cancers, commonly cervical cancer among woman. HPV

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the human viruses that people might not be aware that they have. HPV can be present within someone’s body but there may be no visual signs or symptoms. The reason why there may be no signs and symptoms is because the immune system can diminish HPV on its own since it can automatically sense it and clear it out of the body, this happens about 90% of the time. Vast majority of the people having human papillomavirus will be cleared out within two years and have no future problems. The Oral Cancer Foundation states that HPV might be present in human body for many years before it is detected or converted to something worst such as cancer (N. Sathish, 2014). However, there are cases when the HPV will stay

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are most commonly implicated in cancer of the cervix, other subtypes are 31, 33, 35 45,51,52,58 and 59 (Franceschi et al.2003). The association between HPV and cervical cancer is unique; no other major human cancer has a single necessary cause (Franceschi et al.2003). The relative risk of cervical cancer after infection with HPV, as indicated by the results of case control studies, is the strongest causal relation in cancer epidemiology identified to date (Bosch et al. 2002). The establishment of the link between HPV and cervical cancer has provided the impetus for research into prophylactic vaccination against the most common HPV types associated with the disease: HPV 16 and HPV 18. One of such studies was on sustained efficacy up to four and half years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and18: follow-up from a randomized control trial by Harper et al (2006). The following section provides the research aims/goals, the specific questions that were asked, the method used to address the questions, findings from the study, implications of the findings to healthcare practice and delivery and finally concluding remarks will be presented.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection. HPV family of viruses comprises many oncogenic and non-oncogenic types that cause anal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers and anogenital warts in men respectively. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at particularly high risk for HPV infection and HPV-related disease (Markowitz et al., 2014). In one study, oncogenic HPV types 16 and/or 18 were detected in 37% of MSM between ages 16 and 30 years (Glick et al., 2014). Anal cancer rates are more than 17 times higher among MSM compared to their heterosexual counterpart (Daling et al., 2004, Joseph et al., 2008; Machalek et al., 2012). Anal cancer rates are even higher among HIV-positive MSM (Silverberg et al., 2012). Moreover, recent data revealed a rapid increase in HPV associated oropharyngeal cancers rates among men in the United States (Charturvedi et al., 2011). Aside from cancer, HPV associated anogenital warts negatively affect quality of life and are expensive to treat (Woodhall et al., 2011). Close to 7% of gay and bisexual men report history of genital warts. (Dinh et al., 2008)

Of the more than 100 known strains of HPV, fifteen types have been found to be the most carcinogenic and contribute to 95% of all cervical cancers. HPV-16 accounts for at least 50% of all cervical cancer while HPV-18—the second most carcinogenic—accounts for at least 10%. At the same time, HPV-16 alone accounts for more than 80% of all vulvar and vaginal cancer (p. 250). But cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers represent only a portion of the carcinogenic effects of HPV. Nearly a decade after the studies that linked HPV to genital cancers, Cleveland et al. (2011) completed a meta-analysis study of The Cochrane Library and the National Guideline Clearinghouse between January 2005 and May 2011, finding that “HPV-16 alone is associated with 85 to 95 percent of oropharyngeal cancers” (p. 917). Furthermore, the meta-analytical study of more than one million women on five continents by Bruni et al. found that between 14.0 and 24.0% of women studied were infected with a form of potentially cancer-causing HPV (p. 1790). Prior to Bruni et al.’s study, it had been presumed that only 10% of the world’s women were infected with HPV (de Sanjose et al., 2007), the true rates being 40% to 140% greater than expected. In other words, once a direct cause-effect relationship between HPV and cancer was found, the need to prevent HPV infection became an exigent, global issue for both men and women’s health.

Human papillomavirus, more commonly known under the abbreviation of “HPV,” is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. HPV is known to cause genital warts and cancer, and currently there is no cure. There are, however, numerous ways to prevent it.

Human papillomavirus or HPV is one of the most common viruses that are transmitted through sexual activity. A virus is sometimes referred to an obligate intracellular parasite, which cannot multiply outside of a living cell. Transmission can occur through hand to hand contact, exposure to contaminated blood, and shared objects. Typical exposure is achieved through skin-to-skin contact during intercourse. HPV can pass from person to person with no signs or symptoms. Development of symptoms can occur years after initial infection. Many cases of HPV can clear up on their own. If a reoccurring case of HPV is left untreated, then a papilloma

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a kind of DNA virus from the papillomavirus family. There are more than 150 types of HPV discovered till now. Over 40 types of them are transmitted by sex and infect the anus and genitals.[5] Early age of first sexual intercourse, poor immune function, smoking, and multiple partners are all high risk factors for Continual HPV infections [2] The major routes of transmission are continuous direct skin contact with anal sex or vaginal. Babies may get HPVs from their mother during pregnancy sometimes. People can be infected with several types of HPV in their

Human papillomavirus are miniscule double stranded DNA viruses which target cutaneous and mucosal epithelial cells, inducing lesions which may lead to hyper proliferation and tumorigenesis. There are over 100 identified strains of HPV which are classified into two types; Low-risk types which may lead to symptoms such as benign genital warts in contrast to high risk types which may lead to aggressive tumorigenesis and metastasis.