The Modal Model Of Memory

Researchers such as Logie, Baddeley and Bunge generally agree that the short-term memory is made up of a number of components or subsystems. The working memory model has replaced the idea of a unitary store short-term memory as suggested by the multistore model. The working memory model explains a lot more and in a lot more detail than the multistore model. It makes sense a range of tasks- verbal reasoning, comprehension, reading, problem solving and visual and spatial processing, it also applies to real life tasks such as reading which involves the phonological loop subsystem, problem solving which involves the central executive and navigation which involves the visual and spatial subsystem. The Working Memory Model is supported by

Memory is divided into three categories. These categories consist of: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory, out of these short term memory is the main focus in this essay. It has been widely researched due to interest of how much memory can be stored, how long this memory can be stored for and what information is memorised.

This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model failed to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a limited- capacity system that stores and processes information.

A brief look at the history of the working memory can show a graduate movement toward separate components of the memory. It can acknowledge that one of the first models to separate the different components of working memory was the model modal presented by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). They proposed that the short-term memory is a single unity in which different stimuli modality is stored in one unit. This assumption encountered some problems; one is that if the short-term memory were a single unit to all information modality, than an individual with short term memory defect would be impaired in all cognitive tasks, which is not the case in many short-term memory patients.

The aim of this research is to replicate Baddeley’s study is it further prove his theory on how the LTM encodes information. Cognitive psychology is about finding out how parts of the brain help in storing data. Baddeley’s research is reliable and can be easily replicated to find how memory works.

Although the belief that memory is composed of several distinct systems is not novel, it is only around the mid 20th century that experimental studies carried out on amnesic patients have started to confirm it (Squire, 2004). This essay will discuss the different types of memory systems that have been found, their distinctions and evidence supporting their existence derived from studies on amnesiacs.

Before the level of processing theory, psychologists Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) introduced the multi store model demonstrated memory involving three different stores, sensory store, the short-term store (STS) and the long-term store (LTS). They indicated that purposes of these static stores are to hold information flows through step by step through control process. Meaning, information must be identified through a sensory organ and stored in sensory memory in order to transfer to the STM trough the control process of attention.

There are three different basic processes of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memory is the process by which we recollect prior experiences, information, and skills learned in the past. This lab focuses on altering the retrieval stage. The retrieval stage consists of returning and locating memory that is stored and bringing it to conscious thought. To be able to retrieve this information, one must know knowledge of proper procedures. There is certain information in our memory that is so familiar to us that it can be very difficult to forget. The method of retrieval depends on how a person encodes it from the start. (Rathus, 2010).

“Information flows from the outside world through our sight, hearing smelling, tasting and touch sensors. Memory is simply ways we store and recall things we 've sensed.” When we recall memories, the original neuron path that we used to sense the experience that we are recalling is refined, and the connection is made stronger. Sensory information in stored for only a few seconds in the cortex of the brain. This information can then progress to short-term memory, and then long-term memory, depending on the importance of the information received.

George A. Miller, one of the founders of cognitive psychology, is considered a pioneer who recognized that the human mind can be understood by using an information-processing model. Miller was also a leader in the story short-term memory. In Miller’s most famous article, “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two” remains one of the most frequently cited papers in the field of psychology. In his article, Miller proposed that short-term memory is subject to certain limits, including the span of information that can be stored at a given time. provides evidence for the capacity of short term memory.

In the last half century several theories have emerged with regard to the best model for human memory. In each of these models there was a specific way to help people recall words and

The three-stage model refers to a model of memory that suggests that memory has three major components, known as sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory. This model suggests that information learnt can be transferred from one type of memory to the next to create a memory. A key idea is that with enough rehearsal, information can be transferred from short-term memory to long-term memory. The three-stage-model’s basic cycle is as follows:

These models serve as guides to help us better comprehend how the arrangements of our internal architecture work. The modal model by Adkinson and Shiffrin of memory was one of the first models to give us an overview of the informational process over all the various memory types. It depicted the encoding process where the information gets in, storage conserves data and retrieval is initiated. Adaptive Control Thought (ACT) is a model that pinpointed the strengths of separate loops for implicit and explicit memories (Friedenberg & Silverman, 2012). This specific model also hypothesized as to how propositional information is organized in declarative memory. It clearly shows the relationship between the working and long term memory. It also validates the collaboration of some components of the working memory to the visuospatial sketchpad, articulatory loop and the executive control system (Friedenberg & Silverman, 2012). Kosslyn and Schwarts model of visual imagery impacted the way the human brain deals with images. According to this theory, the visual images are compacted within the same spatial characteristics of real world objects or the scenes they depict. Rotation of objects is an additional form that uses imagery to demonstrate conversions that can be applied to visual

Memory is defined as "the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information." Our memory can be compared to a computer's information processing system. To remember an event we need to get information into our brain which is encoding, store the information and then be able to retrieve it. The three-stage processing model of Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin suggests that we record information that we want to remember first as a fleeting sensory memory and then it is processed into a short term memory bin where we encode it ( pay attention to encode important or novel stimuli) for long-term memory and later retrieval. The premise for the three step process is that we are unable to focus on too much

Storage in human memory is one of three core process of memory, along with Recall and Encoding. It refers to the retention of information, which has been achieved through the encoding process, in the brain for a prolonged period of time until it is accessed through recall. Modern memory psychology differentiates the two distinct type of memory storage: short-term memory and long-term memory. In addition, different memory models have suggested variations of existing short-term and long-term memory to account for different ways of storing memory