Chapter 2: Literature Review
This literature review will explore research on the portrayal of heterosexual love in film and the effects that it has on millennial women and through the cycle of repression, its effect on minorities. The analytical framework consists of feminist theory as described by John Storey and Stuart Hall’s representation theory. Then, feminism in romantic fiction will be again be explored academically by Storey, exploring the power that romantic fiction in pop culture has on society and it role it plays in sex.
Next, the phenomenon that is known as, love at first sight will be dissected looking at why this type of storyline is so popular.
Following, submission in relationships as portrayed in film will
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Focusing on how women will never be free in a patriarchal system, because men are constantly oppressing women pushing them away from total freedom. Ensuring that the integrity of the patriarchal system will remain intact regardless of the setting, in the family home or in government office.
“In Marxist feminist analysis the ultimate source of oppression is capitalism. The domination of women by men is seen as a consequence of capital’s domination over labour,” (Storey, 1998, p.135). This wave of feminism is in essence blaming the system for the repression of women, by allowing men to dominate the workforce. Men dominating the workforce and being the bread winners gave them the appearance of being the “stronger” gender and in turn making women appear “weaker.”
The liberal feminist is the male prejudice against women, this is the idea that men are better than women for no good reason.
By combining these three different waves of feminism, the struggles and oppression that women face in their everyday lives is easily demonstrated and applicable to romantic fiction in entertainment media.
Feminism in Romantic Fiction Popular culture mass produces romantic fiction that are pure fantasies for women including harlequin romances, gothic novels and soap operas. Storey combined with Modleski, argue that these popular narratives speak to real tensions and problems in women’s lives, making them relatable. Comparing to
Whether in the past or the present, this is a country driven by two things: entertainment and capital. Women seem to be most attracted to the entertainment aspect, as demonstrated in Sandra Cisneros’s “Woman Hollering Creek” through the “telenovelas”. Men on the other hand are attracted to capital, the more the better as seen in David Mamet’s “Glengarry Glen Ross”. Every addiction has a consequence however, and as Cisneros and Mamet both prove, when people are motivated by the wrong things, then they are doomed to fail. In Cisneros’s piece, “Cleofilas” is living a very tumultuous life because she had an image in mind when she came to the United States.
This genre is typically modern, perky and upbeat, but the common narrative in all of them is that it features a woman who is strong and she overcomes adversity to reach her goals. There is also a message of empowerment that also struggles with a romantic predicament and using comedy to poke fun at the male characters. Industries are still producing soppy romantic comedies for the female audience but the divide between the standard chick flick and romantic comedy is slowly disappearing. Similarly to the beginning of this essay it is evident that institutions are moving in the direction of women’s place in culture in relation to this film genre; women are usually shown as the super power since they are made to appeal to the female audience. However
Today’s filmmakers have three areas to focus on: the event or theme of the film, the audience who will be watching the film, and lastly, the individual characters and the roles they play and how they are portrayed and interpreted. Many of these films bottom line objectives are to focus on the “erotic needs of the male ego.” The focus on fetishistic scopophilia tend to slant the view such that we see the world as being dominated by men and that woman are
Liberal feminism wanted to integrate women into modern day society. The argument was that social problems were mostly caused by the ignorance and social constraints of freedom of choice for women. The inequality in gender resulted from the socialization that forces everyone to grow up with the wrong ideas that men and women cannot choose how to live their own lives. They have been taught from the beginning of life that men and women are
Being a woman is no easy task. We witness accounts in our daily lives of people who were once known as women, but are now victims. The presence of violence against women is prevalent at the nonfiction level, but it does not cease there. Even though gendered violence is already a prevalent topic in real-life news reports, the violence continues at the fictional level. Popular creative forums in American culture introduce violence against women as a culturally accepted and almost glamorized occurrence.
Firstly, Liberal feminist are focused on human and civil rights and freedom of individuals, to summarise, they believe that all humans should have equal rights within their society. They believe that society changing itself to help women does not happen. Liberal feminists believe the status of women changing can become a reality if laws that are oppressing for women change because it would create more opportunities for women to prove that they are equal to men. Oakley explains a difference between sex and gender. Oakley believes sex differences are set
Liberal feminists-is all about maintaining their equality and this is judged on the way they act as a person or the choices they choose to
Liberal feminism is a somewhat conservative form of feminism by today’s standards, although it is rooted classically in liberalism. Liberal feminism leans towards an equality of sameness with men (not a difference feminism).
Secondly, liberal feminism has been criticised because it tends to assume that all women accept their gender identities in a passive way. Liberal feminism also does not take race or class into consideration. Marxist feminists believe women's subordination is down to the influence of capitalism. Women are seen as a reserve army of labour.' Companies only hire them when they really need them, and they do less important jobs than men, making them more disposable. Women change jobs more frequently than men, so are more vulnerable at times of redundancy, they tend to be less skilled, and capitalist ideologies locate women in the home.
In the early 1990s Laura Mulvey’s thesis concerning the patriarchal structure of an active male gaze has influenced feminist film critiques and Hollywood. Mulvey’s project is to use psychoanalysis to uncover the power of patriarchy in Hollywood cinema. Patriarchal influence upon cinema is found primarily in pleasure (pleasure in looking) or as Freud’s has put it, scopophilia. Mulvey suggests that it may be possible to create a new for of cinema due to the fact that patriarchy power to control cinematic pleasure has revealed.
According to women sociologist Martineau, feminist sociology has focused on power relationships and inequalities between men and women.How can the condition faced by women be addressed,(Little, 2014, p .31). Marx’s critique of capitalism and the feminist of patriarchy for example led to very interesting insights into how structures of power and inequality work, but from a point of view that sees only the most revolutionary transformation of society as a solution,(Little, 2014 , p. 32).
Thesis: In recent years during the 21st century more and more people in the media have been calling out fairytales for their anti-feminist attitudes with sexism, body standards as well as societal comments about women being dependent on men.
“Aragay and Lopez find the late-twentieth-century cultural context, in which (they assert) female spectators no longer believe in romance yet need to do so, embedded in the Bridget Jones books and films. I take this to be a reference to the post-feminist world view, in which women's apparent freedom of choice implies that feminism is now redundant, but feminists argue that the position of women in this world is still "limited and unfair" and that this very freedom is complicit in constraining women to traditional roles and creating anxiety about achieving success in those roles” (Raitt).
Feminist theory analyzes the gender inequality that women have faced throughout the years due to a patriarchal society. Women were expected to fit the traditional female and conform to the gender norms that society has constructed. According to A Brief Introduction to Critical Theory, “Feminism embodies a way of reading that investigates the text’s investment in or reaction to the patriarchal power structures that have dominated Western culture” (227). Patriarchal power has oppressed women economically, socially, and politically. Women were associated more with domesticity than with politics and financial situations. They were not provided the same educational opportunities as men. These issues have been addressed by people, such as Mary
Since its humble beginnings in the later years of the nineteenth century, film has undergone many changes. One thing that has never changed is the filmmaker’s interest in representing society in the present day. For better or worse, film has a habit of showing the world just what it values the most. In recent years, scholars have begun to pay attention to what kinds of ideas films are portraying (Stern, Steven E. and Handel, 284). Alarmingly, viewers, especially young women, are increasingly influenced by the lifestyle choices and attitudes that they learn from watching these films (Steele, 331). An example of this can be seen in a popular trope of the “romantic comedy” genre in this day and age: the powerful man doing something to help, or “save” the less powerful woman, representing a troubling “sexual double standard” (Smith, Stacy L, Pieper, Granados, Choueiti, 783).