Two projections were generated for each scenario of interest modeled by DMPPT- a baseline projection, in which male circumcision coverage is held constant at the prescale-up level, and a scale-up projection where VMMC coverage is scaled up to a coverage level as desired. For a coverage of 80% by 2015, a total of 430,000 HIV infections can be averted in thirteen countries in five years from 2011- 2015, 20.34 million VMMCs would be required. Increasing VMMC coverage to reduce the number of new HIV infections in men indirectly reduces the number of new infections in women. The cost ranges from US$12.53 million in Swaziland (the country with the smallest number of additional VMMCs required) to US$376.55 million in South Africa (the country …show more content…
This number increased to 89% after the informational session on benefits of male circumcision in prevention of HIV and other infections. The survey was conducted at nine locations across Botswana representing twenty nine ethnicities thereby making the results geographically and ethnically generalizable across the nation. There were no significant differences in results for sex, ethnicity, religion, occupation or education and most of them cited health reasons for acceptance.3 The strength of the study was reduction of potential bias as only three trained health educators performed all the interviews but potential bias from the low response rate could as arisen as only 605 interviews were conducted which is a relatively small sample size. As stated in RCT from Kenya studies, the study warrants for more MC if safe circumcision services are provided. Extensive training, proper instrumentation, clear postoperative instructions, and continuing quality assurance and control are helpful to assure optimum outcomes.2 MC is an effective, available, permanent and affordable means to reduce the incidence of HIV in the next generation. Although, infant circumcision would take approximately 15 years to have an effect on the HIV epidemic.3 A similar survey in Dominican Republic among uncircumcised men found that overall acceptability was 29%. The number increased to 67% after an information session
Male circumcision has long been a debate with decisions based on cultural, ethnic, religious and social preference of the parent. There are both benefits and risks associated with the procedure of male circumcision. The procedure involves the removal of some or, the entire foreskin around the penis. Neonatal circumcision is rising among English speaking countries and it is known now that more than 80% of the male population has been circumcised. (CDC, 2006) This number is rising however; studies show that there is insufficient evidence to recommend neonatal circumcision as a routine decision. (AAP, 2006). Many debates of this procedure relate to the benefits versus the risk and medical costs that the procedure entails. This paper
According to a published report in the August 16th 2010 edition of the New York Time’s parents are choosing less and less to circumcise their new born sons. The article states instances of circumcision have declined “to just 32.5 percent in 2009 from 56 percent in 2006. The numbers are based on calculations by SDI Health, a company in Plymouth Meeting, Pa. that analyzes health care data”. Why are so many deciding to not have the elective procedure even though the rate of complication is extraordinarily low? What about the arguments for hygiene, sexual satisfaction, psychological and social concerns and, lest we dismiss, religious views?
Female genital mutilation is a huge apart of the culture in Africa, and the idea of Westerners coming in to change and enforce their own way of life by stopping it hasn’t gone over well amongst the local villagers. But the reasons behind the Western ideals are good ones, no one knows how many people have died from infection from FGC because it’ often reported as malaria, making it impossible to understand and know just how many young people have been effected by it
The topic of the infant male circumcision is a controversial subject in the United States. This procedure involves a non-reversible surgical procedure that removes the prepuce, commonly called the foreskin, thus exposing the glans of the penis (Blank, et al., 2012). Currently this is considered a cosmetic procedure per surgical standards, and is performed upon the request of the parents of the newborn. The decision to have a circumcision performed is usually based upon personal, cultural, and religious factors. However, the overall view of the impact of the procedure on the newborn infant varies in our country, and has led to two conflicting camps of ideology. The pro-circumcision movement focuses on the potential health benefits gained of a circumcision, and feels it is a necessary procedure. The anti-circumcision movement claims there are no health benefits and that the procedure violates the fundamental human rights of the infant (Collier, 2012). Following extensive research, I have found that there is evidence-based proof that circumcision improves the overall health of the male newborn, with prolonged health benefits into adulthood. Circumcisions provide the health benefits of decreased rates of urinary tract infections(UTIs), reduced transmission of sexually transmitted disease, prevention of phimosis, and improved penile hygiene (Blank, et al., 2012, Marx & Lawton, 2008, Morris, Bailis, & Wiswell, 2014).
In the story written by Frances A. Althaus’s “Female Circumcision: Rite of Passage or Violation of Rights? She explores female circumcision within African Culture and the health complications after the ritual is completed. Female circumcision is the practice of partial or total removal of the female external vaginal area and is still practiced in several countries today , dut was ruled as illegal in America in 1997. Females did not have the option to chose if they wanted to have the procedure performed, mothers often made that decision for them. The practice is to transition a girl into womanhood and to ensure that virginity is not lost before marriage, prevention of infidelity and
Thesis: Female Genital Circumcision is a cultural procedure that is performed on young girls for a variety of reasons. Members of this culture chose to continue these traditions because they believe they will gain sociological, health and marriage benefits for their daughters, ensuring these young girls a better future is mandatory.
Description: Male circumcision is an old traditional practice where the foreskin of the penis is removed by surgical means. The practice also has religious significance in a number of communities. The practice is less common in the West because of a poor awareness of the medical benefits. Recent research has shown that male circumcision significantly lowers the risk of infections and sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS in particular. However, male circumcision surgeries are expensive because of limited support in public health care programs.Â
In the USA, newborn male circumcision is a very common procedure, three-quarters of American men are circumcised. Though the rate of infant circumcision has always been high in the USA, the number varies depending on the State, “Circumcision rates vary wildly across the country - from more than 80% of newborns in states including Nebraska, Iowa, Wisconsin and Kentucky, to around 20% on the West coast, according to some calculations” (Hebblethwaite, C.,2012, August 21). However, in other countries, such as The UK, rates dropped after the National Health Service (NHS) rules that circumcisions was not medically necessary, so it would not be covered. In 1948 one-third of UK men were circumcised and now about 9% of men are. On the other hand, countries
There is lack of patient centred care while providing cultural centred care because of complete emphasis is on traditional values of patient rather than on patient individual needs (Beach, M. C., & Saha, S, 2006). In African countries, there is dangerous custom of female genital circumcision to maintain female virginity before marriage. But it has many health effects in female like massive bleeding and shock during procedure. In later life, this may cause gynaecological
Results: A total of 147 circumcisions were performed in patients with no suspicious findings. Pathologic analysis was obtained in 69% (101/147) of the cases. Inflammation (58%) was the most common finding. One unsuspected instance of squamous cell carcinoma (Tis) was identified in a patient with HIV (1/147=0.7%). The overall cost of pathology analysis in this study was $31,411.
Let’s say breakfast cereal was invented to prevent you from masturbating and keep men pure and sane. In Jewish, Islamic, and Christian practices a newborn boy must be circumcised in order to be accepted by their god. Others have formed organizations fighting circumcision -- a surgery that removes the foreskin covering the glans of the penis -- because it is viewed as inhumane and extremely traumatic to a newborn boy. Thankfully, people have found scientific proof which provide the public with medical reasons and facts as to why circumcision might or might not be necessary in a male’s life. In American Culture, circumcision has been a medically suggested practice in order to prevent penile cancer, urinary-tract infections(UTIs) and a lower risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Not to mention the astounding amount of numbers that show over 2.1 million males in America that have been circumcised since 2008 at some point in their lives. Despite what side a parent or adult male may side on as far as getting a circumcision research is important.
Female genital mutilation (FGM) also known as female circumcision is a tradition passed down from generation to generation occurring all around the world affecting millions of women and young girls. FGM is controversial matter most prevalent in Africa (Ahanonu and Victor, 2014). To this day it’s estimated that about 28 African countries still practice this ritual including Nigeria (Ahanonu and Victor, 2014). In the past twenty years there has been a worldwide increased interest in FGM due to its multiplicity and lifelong effects. Some people believe FGM violates basic human rights where others believe this ritual is required to increase their chances of marriageability and that this practice is a transition from adolescents into adulthood
"I remember the blade. How it shone! There was a woman kneeling over me with the knife. I bit her; it was all I could do. Then three women came to hold me down. One of them sat on my chest. I bit her with all my might." These words reflect Banassiri Sylla’s account of her experience undergoing female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM), at the young age of eight in the Ivory Coast. This disturbing description of her struggle makes it hard to understand why any culture could support such a practice. Yet, it is estimated that about 132 million women and girls in about thirty African countries have undergone the same, or at least similar, cultural
Nowadays, circumcision is under a huge debate to whether accept it or ban it. In
Patient and patient’s husband will read information from reputable sources regarding pros and cons of circumcision, information can be provided by the hospital, during the patient’s hospital stay.