The Role Of Plasma Bnp On Adults With Congestive Heart Failure

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The new versus classic BPD features have changed over the years. The approaches to care, including surfactant administration, permissive hypercapnia, and noninvasive ventilation have changed. All these has increased the survival of low birth weight infants as before with classic BPD. The classic BPD was before surfactant and more management techniques, and inflammation and alveolar septal fibrosis. All these changes were associated with oxygen toxicity, infection, and barotrauma.

The list of proposed chronic abnormalities is lengthy. To this date, research has confirmed the following: 1) SIDS is due to a dysfunction of the cardiac and/or respiratory systems, and 2) the death of the infant is due to hypo-ventilation of the lungs and periods of complete cessation of breathing or apnea. Hypo-ventilation and apnea cause hypo-perfusion of the tissues with necessary oxygen. Ischemia of tissues results and eventually causes death. Research now centers around discovering the cause of infant hypo-ventilation and apnea.

Transient tachypnea of the newborn at birth is a condition in which fluid remaining in the lungs results in respiratory distress2. It is characterized chiefly by tachypnea shortly after birth, which clears quickly within 2 to 5 days and shows itself by a typical clinical and radiographical presentation3. It is generally believed that once TTN resolves itself, there is no further increased risk for respiratory disease or other long-term sequelae.4 A number of previous studies have demonstrated that TTN is associated

The incidence of PDA is approximately 0.02 to 0.04 percent in term infants and 20 to 60 percent in preterm neonates. Patent ductus arteriosus accounts for six to eleven percent of all congenital heart defects. PDA is found twice as often in females than in males (Shinde, Basantwani, & Tendolkar, 2016). The incidence of PDA is increased in children who are born prematurely, children with a history of perinatal asphyxia, and, possibly, children born at high altitude. Up to 30 percent low birth infants develop PDA (Kim, 2016).

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a commonly seen in the hospital setting. CHF results in patients having difficulty breathing and can go in to respiratory arrest. There is decreased cardiac output and labs will show increased BNP. Patients who have CHF history will have chest x-ray and EKG. Therapy for CHF is to correct the abnormal labs and keep the patient from arresting and being placed on a vent. This paper will look at the molecular make up of CHF all the way to how to take care of the patient with advanced CHF. Patients are placed on medications to help with fluid overload and blood pressures. At times patients may have to be placed on cardiac drips. Patients with CHF are prone to pulmonary complications such as pulmonary edema, and

Hello Heather, as you mentioned, a patent ductus arteriosus is normal at birth. A Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) s a heart condition that is characterized by the persistence of a normal fetal connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery which allows oxygen rich blood that should go to the body to recirculate through the lungs. All newborns are born with PDA because when a fetus is growing in the uterus, it is not necessary to circulate blood through the lungs as oxygen is provided by the placenta. A PDA allows the blood to bypass the lungs and proceed to the baby’s body. At birth placenta is removed and baby’s lungs must provide oxygen to his or her body. When the baby takes the first birth, the blood vessels in the lungs open up and

The pathophysiology of congestive heart failure is that the heart has a loss of contractibility. This causes a lack of cardiac output which can’t meet the demands of the body. CHF can be caused by multiple different factors such as loss of muscle, abnormal rhythm or volume overload. CHF often occurs in patients who have multiple comorbidities such as hypertension or diabetes

Accurate physical assessment and interpretation of the vital signs are essential to determine the cause of Altered Level of consciousness. In infants due to open anterior fontanelle and flexibility of skull, it allows to accommodate modest increase in intracranial contents caused by brain swelling, cerebral mass, or hemorrhage. However, once the limits of compensation exceeded intracranial pressure rises precipitously [Figure 2]. Open fontanelles and sutures may not be fully protective and causes abnormal increase in intracranial pressure. The resulting intracranial hypertension causes brain injury by a variety of mechanisms. The respiratory rate, pattern of breathing, also pulse and blood pressure often is abnormal in cases of impending cerebral herniation. Cushing triad (consist of systemic hypertension, bradycardia, abnormal respiration) is a late sign of increased intracranial pressure [9]. Therefore it is important to recognize intracranial hypertension early to avoid devastating complication associated with

Project PULSE will be offered to adult active duty servicemen and women, dependent family members, and military retirees who are over 50 years of age and have admitted with a new or preexisting diagnosis heart failure. Tricare beneficiaries who utilize Fort Belvoir Community Hospital’s primary care clinic or any of its specialty care clinics will be eligible to participate. The program does excluded patient’s who have civilian primary care providers however, participation with the Fort Belvoir Heart Failure Clinic for follow-up care will be required as per program instructions.

During my second day shift at Nicklaus Children’s Hospital, a four month old, male patient was admitted to my floor with a diagnosis of apparent life-threatening event (ALTE). An apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) usually occurs in children under the age of one (Kaji et al., 2013). This syndrome is characterized by extreme apnea, coughing and gagging, a sudden change in color ranging from pale to cyanotic, and a change in muscle tone (Kaji et al., 2013). According to Aminiahidashti (2015), prematurity, age, gender (boys more than girls), previous history of respiratory illnesses, and prematurely born children undergoing general anesthesia are more likely to suffer an episode of ALTE. The cause of ALTE could be idiopathic in nature but it could also be associated with conditions like neuromuscular disorders, seizures, pertussis, bronchiolitis, cardiac dysrhythmias, congenital heart defect, child maltreatment, gastroesophageal reflux, a mandible that is smaller than normal leading to the obstruction to the airway, and endocrine and metabolic problems (London, Ladewig, Ball, Bindler, & Cowen, 2011).

Nitric Oxide is a vasodilator that not only decreases inflammation but also improves ventilation. The improvement of ventilation leads to normal lung growth patterns due to the increased perfusion of tissues. Vitamin A is an essential vitamin that helps with the integrity of the immune system, growth and growth of cells in the airway. The lack of vitamin A found in premature infants, reduces the number of cilia, these are finger like projections, which line the airway and help aid in the movement of secretions. The lack of cilia in the airway may result in the inability to mobilize secretions, so if vitamin A is given about three times a week to infants who are at risk, it has been shown to decrease the incidence of BPD (Deakins, p. 1260). And last, but definitely not least, nutrition is very important to an infant with BPD. An infant with BPD is burning a lot of calories and using a lot of energy to meet the increased metabolic rate and the increase in oxygen consumption. BPD energy requirements succeed standard infant caloric requirements by as much as 125% (Deakins, p. 1260). So, it is very important that the infant receives the proper amount of nutrition, with all the right vitamins and minerals as well as calories to maintain an equal

Premature closure of the ductus arteriosus is a rare finding. In the majority of cases, it occurs secondary to maternal indomethacin exposure, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or structural anomalies such as tetralogy of Fallot and truncus arteriosus.1 “Idiopathic stenosis of the ductus arteriosus has been reported and can lead to cardiovascular dysfunction such as tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation, right heart dilatation, functional pulmonary atresia, persistent neonatal pulmonary hypertension, hydrops fetalis, and even fetal death.”1 Until the use of fetal echocardiography and pulsed wave Doppler interrogation, diagnosis was not made until autopsy in fetuses with severe hydrops.1 The use of these diagnostic methods allow

N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is an inactive byproduct of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). They are released from myocytes after the prohormone BNP (ProBNP) is cleaved into the NT-proBNP and the BNP. The synthesis of ProBNP and the release of NT-proBNP and BNP are caused by cardiac wall stress including stretching, ischemic and/or hypoxic stimuli of myocytes. Although NT-proBNP is not the active polypeptide product, it is less labile and possesses a longer plasma half-life compared to active BNP. Therefore, NT-proBNP has been used as a stable marker of BNP. Measuring the plasma concentration of NT-proBNP has been used to assist diagnosing various cardiac diseases in humans and other species

When the newborn takes its first breath there are several things that take place. The lungs expand for the first time increasing oxygenation. Also there is a reduction in prostaglandins that have been provided by the mother via the placenta. These two things force the ductus arteriosus to clothes. The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta. This allows the circulatory system to bypass the lungs during pregnancy. When the infant takes its first breath, it is supposed to close so pulmonary blood will only flow to the lungs. When this does not take place, it causes blood from the pulmonary artery and blood from the aorta to mix between the two systems. This mixing of blood is squeezed out both ways resulting in a murmur that