An altered level of consciousness in children has many causes, with a fundamental differentiation being between structural and medical conditions. Infection of the brain encephalitis or meninges is the most common cause of altered level of consciousness, accounting for more than one third of nontraumatic cases. Non Accidental Injury should be considered in any infant presenting with an altered level of consciousness and apnea. [3] List of causes of differential diagnosis of Altered level of consciousness are listed in Table 2
Any child who presents with acute detoriation in level of consciousness, assessment of airway, breathing, and cardiovascular status should be done immediately. All children should be given 100% oxygen by nonrebreather facemask until adequate oxygenation is assured. Blood tests like
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Accurate physical assessment and interpretation of the vital signs are essential to determine the cause of Altered Level of consciousness. In infants due to open anterior fontanelle and flexibility of skull, it allows to accommodate modest increase in intracranial contents caused by brain swelling, cerebral mass, or hemorrhage. However, once the limits of compensation exceeded intracranial pressure rises precipitously [Figure 2]. Open fontanelles and sutures may not be fully protective and causes abnormal increase in intracranial pressure. The resulting intracranial hypertension causes brain injury by a variety of mechanisms. The respiratory rate, pattern of breathing, also pulse and blood pressure often is abnormal in cases of impending cerebral herniation. Cushing triad (consist of systemic hypertension, bradycardia, abnormal respiration) is a late sign of increased intracranial pressure [9]. Therefore it is important to recognize intracranial hypertension early to avoid devastating complication associated with
Class consciousness and false consciousness are two concepts from Marxist theory. According to Marx’ s sociological view, social class was the influential principles of social life. The phenomenon of inequality always exits in the society. There is more inequality pressing against within rich people and poor people. The upper class owns resources and labours and they get more benefits and rewards. However, the working class is hired and gets salaries from the upper class, which means they can be considered as labour force. In Marx’s view, capitalism caused that the gap between rich and poor is increasing and the rich people become richer and the poor people become poorer. The capitalism could be changed only if the working class starts a revolution.
Numerous factors determine when and why you feel tired, full of energy, and hungry. A person's state of consciousness and awareness varies throughout the day and depends on a person's activity, environment, and time clock.
The working diagnosis is that this patient is suffering from Angioedema as a result of Anaphylaxis and developing Urticaria. Angioedema is the swelling of deep layers of the skin due the accumulation of fluid, symptoms of Angioedema include swelling of the eyes, lips, hands and feet.
Intracranial pressure stands as the compression in the inner part of the skull, in the brain tissue, and the cerebrospinal fluid. On the other hand, in a situation whereby the individual has an enormous bleeding, contusion, and brain laceration, which possibly will necessitate surgical interventions. The initial intervention is to physiologically stabilize the patient by monitoring the patient blood pressure and oxygen; given pain medication and complementary oxygen; treating seizures or fever, offering sedation and mechanical support for
They are many theories in psychology that can be used to “understand” behaviour, two theories I am going to look at are; Psychodynamic approach and the humanistic approach. I will discuss these 2 psychological theories of development and explain how it accounts for the psychological development, health and behaviour of the individual.
There has been a significant rise in non-religious people, this rise can be seen within the millennial generation, which is different from prior ones who were predominantly Christian. What is it that the millennials can be aware of or, influenced on, that causes this non-conformity towards religion?
Psychotherapy: Comparing the Psychodynamic and Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches Up to one in four adults in America suffer from some kind of mental illness, but as many as 80 percent of those suffering will not seek any form of treatment. According to David Susman PhD, a clinical psychologist and mental health advocate, in his blog post “8 Reasons Why People Don’t Get Treatment for Mental Illness” this is likely due to many factors such as social stigmatization of those with mental illness, widespread lack of awareness surrounding what is unhealthy, and misunderstanding or distrust of the functionality of potential treatments. While there are undoubtedly many other factors that contribute to an individual choosing not to seek help, all three of these factors can be
In controlled studies, experimenters use placebos as medium to compare the efficacy of a drug. Double-blind controlled studies provide information on whether a drug is effective or if it is not better than placebo. The results of double-blind studies usually depict the latter. Rarely are drugs found to be significantly more effective than placebo because of the placebo effect. The phenomenal effectiveness of the placebo in controlled experiments is mind boggling. Experimenters can not fully understand the etiology of the placebo effect in relation to the nervous system but they have proposed plausible suggestions to the underlying mechanisms involved. An intriguing question raised is the placebo's
G.M. was then immediately transferred to Rady Children’s hospital Emergency Room by her parents. Upon nursing assessment she presented with vital signs within the same range from her clinic visit. These were repeated every fifteen minutes until stable. Her skin was flushed and diaphoretic. Mucous membranes appeared dry with significant skin cracking around the mouth. Patient was alert and oriented times three and pupils were equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation. Her breath sounds were clear and equal bilaterally, with no adventitious sounds noted. However, patient G.M. appeared to have
•NANDA diagnoses: Fluid Volume Deficit R/T failure of regulatory mechanism, risk for impaired parent/infant attachment R/T neonates physical illness and hospitalization, hyperthermia R/T inflammatory process AEB an increase in body temperature, warm skin, and tachycardia, ineffective tissue perfusion R/T impaired transport of oxygen across alveolar and on capillary membrane, and interrupted breastfeeding R/T neonate’s present illness AEB separation of mother to infant.
Intracranial hypertension is the term that is mostly used for all forms of high intracranial pressure. There is one form of intracranial pressure that in the 1890’s a German physician Heinrich Quincke named “pseudotumor cerebri” which describes a neurological disorder that has all the symptoms of a brain tumor but without the presence of an actual brain tumor. This condition is now known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a condition that occurs when the pressure inside the skull increases for no obvious reason. It seems to occur out of nowhere and without warning which is where we get the word idiopathic which means “relating to or denoting any disease or condition that arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown.” Symptoms of Idiopathic intracranial hypertension includes a severe headache behind the
The foundational core element of MUM rests in the development of consciousness within each student and throughout the entire MUM student community by means of the regular practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique.
Treatment plan for hydrocephalus involves surgery to remove the obstruction or creating a new pathway to divert excess CSF. This procedure can be done by placing a catheter or shunt in the ventricle which will pass the CSF to the peritoneal cavity, right atrium, or the pleural spaces of the lungs (London et al., 2014). The nursing management for these patients are centered around the surgical procedure. Three top nursing diagnosis for the child with hydrocephalus include: (a) impaired physical mobility, (b) risk for infection, and (c) risk for injury. First, in the pre-operative setting the interventions include: (a) small frequent feedings until placed on NPO status, (b) monitor head circumference and signs of ICP, (c) assess respiratory
The signs and symptoms of raised intracranial pressure in paediatric neurosurgical cases are age specific.
Insidous. Who never watch that movie? If you watch it carefully, you might recognise that the story focuses on one main plot, which is the idea of people to travel through the spirit realm and see horrible yet amazing things such as the creatures and the environment there. But, how do we know that the idea to travel through the spirit realm is true and realistic? It was such a heated debate between paranormals when this idea came out. The truth? You can still reach the spirit world. In addition, you probably need to do some hard practices to learn to enter the spirit realm, but that doesn’t make it impossible. The ritual to do that have been commonly called “Astral Projection” by some people. Astral Projection, a very risky and deadly ritual should not