The Role of Membership Fees on Public Goods

1. The first chapter in the book is about the market and its inner workings. The book briefly explains the idea of supply and demand, in which the price of a certain good or service will reach the point where all the demand is equivalent to the supply. However, the value of something is not determined by its necessity, but its desire within society, as seen by the difference in cost between a diamond and life giving water. Markets operate as they do because people try to maximize the amount of utility for themselves. Nevertheless, a strict rationalism model cannot be used for predicting all the occurrences of a market because of the ever changing behavior of people; thus economists must take precautions against

Under the NPM umbrella, public sector has also been experiencing a shift to greater competition. The need to remove monopoly of service delivery and create contestability, through privatization, public tendering, and term contracts, justifies the adoption of competition principle (Dunleavy 1994; Hood 1991). Insisting to do bureaucratic provision on public services instead of contracting them out, knowing that private sector can deliver them better, it is believed would only force governments to lose comparative advantages on price, efficiency, and effectiveness (Dunleavy 1994. p.49). This way, governments are able to fulfil their responsibility in providing services and the financing, while simultaneously stimulate greater competition among providers under market dynamics. However, it is hard to instigate public service ethos in private parties. Therefore, the capacity of private entities to act consistently with the public interest is greatly questioned in this scenario. Are concerns such as public health and safety, environment sustainability, and social equity likely to be sacrificed underneath market mechanisms? When power is shared with organizations which have business objectives apart from government’s goals, the fundamental issue is how to detect which missions they are carrying out. Many public services being delivered by third parties are targeted for vulnerable sections of the community which can pose a higher risk of potential abuse, neglect, exploitation, and

Sandel further argues, “Commercialism erodes commonality.” He points to the division of society through acquisition of certain goods. For example, the skyboxes at baseball stadiums are affordable only to the wealthy, which separate themselves with the rest of the society. He argues that because the wealthy can buy social advantages such as better education, healthcare, and clothing, they create an exclusive grouping that further divide the society. In this case, money changes the perception of goods. Given the more expensive goods are considered of better quality, increasing the price of a certain good will increase its value. This is adamant in our current time where the same product, such as ice cream, is more expensive in the wealthier neighborhood compared to poorer neighborhood. Thus, he

The definition of public goods is: A public good is an item consumed by society as a whole and not necessarily by an individual consumer. Public goods are financed by tax revenues. All public goods must be consumed

A common good is defined by the fact that it is beneficial for a whole society, not just for a certain individual, as in the case of private propriety (Lee, 2015). The common good is based on the belief that certain goods (as security) can be obtained only collectively and through political means. If in a society formed of a multitude of individuals we would have only private propriety, in time the economic power would concentrate in the hands of a few and the life of the many would be unbearable. Let’s just think to a poor individual which would not have the power to buy for itself a propriety, or would not even be capable to move freely in the world because the freedom of movement would imply that he has to pay taxes when crossing the proprieties of others.

Should Public Colleges Be Free?” DEBATE.ORG. Web. 29 Feb. 2016. The writer discusses several main reasons to why tuition should be free and it also discusses what would happen to our society if all tuition would be free for students. For example if tuition would be free in college and university than it will most likely have major effect on private school. Therefore the country would most likely go in debt. I found this source very helpful. It is very useful. It is different from the rest of my sources; because this one was a debate and I got to see different perspective of people's opinion and where they stand in the debate section with comments. This information is not 100% reliable. This source is biased. The goal was to get different opinion

I couldn’t agree with you more. I just don’t comprehend how or why our nation is so against helping those who need help, especially when considering those who live in poverty. I have never understood why those on welfare have such a negative stigma placed upon them. Yes, I understand some do take advantage of the system, but there is definitely those among us who need those programs to provide a stable life for themselves. Concerning health care though, there has to be some type of reforms made in order for our nation to stay healthy. I had no idea about the direct-fee system before reading this chapter and I have to say I am shocked that is even a thing. Pharmaceutical companies are really the ones making the most money out of the whole situation.

Please note that the indicated chapters are only an approximate guide to what will be covered in class.

Publicness or public quality of public service, the recent transition toward a market driven mode

The government should determine which offenses could be removed or reclassified without putting the public in danger. If this were to happen it would allow for the caseload of public defenders to decreases substantially. It would also ensure that while public safety comes first, unnecessary incarceration would decrease substantially and so would the demand for those who have public service jobs (i.e. police officers, court marshals, etc.). Most of the cases that public defenders are swamped with happen to be misdemeanor cases that involve the war on crime and drugs. Another obvious fix to this problem would be to increase the funding that is going to public defense. Through the Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant Program (Byrne-JAG), which is a grant program that is designed to provide federal support to state and local criminal justice systems, more financial assistance can be allotted to public defense. Public defenders do a substantial amount of work only to get paid the bare minimum and this is where the issue lies. The last solution requires that the government funds regular training for attorneys and adds social workers in order to increase the effectiveness of public defenders. This would improve the legal training of those representing those charged, especially since many times public defenders are straight out of law school and lack experience. The social workers would work with the public defenders on reintegrating the defenders into society so they do not offend again and end up in the system. Ultimately this would help to enhance the current situation of public

First I will provide a theoretical and historical background on the topic of consumption, then I will discuss the following categories: symbolic indulgence, symbolic deprivation, and finally, the convergence of classes.

Welcome everyone to the Governor’s Conference on Economic Development, today we shall discuss some interesting topics that should deal with our economy, and how it has developed and changed over time. To do this, we first need to discuss variables that might affect the equilibrium of supply and demand, as well as how that could be desired. Then, through using the concept of consumer and producer surplus, we will introduce the efficiency of markets, costs of taxation and some benefits of international trade. We will also discuss any side effects or consequences that might prevent market equilibrium, and the government’s policies that are used to remedy the inefficiencies in markets that are caused by externalities. Finally, we will finish with learning the difference between the efficiency of our tax systems, and the equality of a tax system.

Under crowding in, values and incentives are complements, as increased use of incentives enhances the marginal effects of contributing on one's values and by (\ref{eq.4}) increases the effects of the subsidy on the citizen's action. Crowding out makes incentives and values substitutes, reducing the effect of incentives on citizen's behaviour. If $\lambda < -1$, which we term strong crowding out, the incentive reduces contributions. From (\ref{eq.4}) it is clear that a positive response by subjects to explicit incentives does not indicate that crowding out is absent; it indicates only that $\lambda >

Markets are the institutions where the exchange of goods and services among individuals collective agents occurs. The exchange of these goods and services utilizes money as the medium through which equivalence of worth and value is given to the goods and services (Keech and Munger 4). This leads to the formation of prices given for the goods and services. Additionally, markets may be categorized in accordance with the commodities and services traded in them where these categories entail financial markets, labor markets, and housing markets. Similarly, the scope under which these items are traded may provide another level of categorization where some may occur throughout a region, nationally or internationally (Pinotti 2). These may be coupled with categorization in terms of structure where various entities include competitive markets, oligopolistic markets, and monopolistic markets.

[pic][pic]Finally, the beneficiary of the services provided by the public sector, is the general public. These goods and services are sometimes provided free and in other cases consumers have to pay a price. The goal